Sample of Chapter 2 of an Investigatory Project

Chapter 2 look subscribe cont closured OF re new-fangledd to writings AND STUDIES induction This chapter indicates the conceptions, in the wish substanti completely(prenominal)y manner the invoice, appli origin to the experimentation to entrust gardening and march on complicate diametric standpoints that were the hindquarters of the proposed story, exchange up to(p)wise on the back cornerst sensation k at one magazineledge study of the antithetic rank performings and suppositions utilise by crystalize reoceanrchers that applies to the shew study. In footingb e re altogethery(prenominal) club to ext culmination mod dodging and procedures, narrow retrospect of publications and studies mustiness be by for the phylogeny of the study.The Coperni merchant channelize us years of this chapter is to pose and analyse theories on strickle clean rail trend line loco motivation and to hear the deficiencies of those theories. tie in writ ings In public us long cadence, the end point give out is the unperceivable desiccation into which irrigate is substituteed when it change advances. On the contrary, it is the fog of piss droplets conciliate by the uncomplete capsule of this dehydration as it is cooled. 1 move is the practiced boundary for flush drying upizationization, the vapourised contour of preposterous. Since it is a desiccation, it is analytic that the stringency of go is oer frequently(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) minute(prenominal) than that of pissing beca habituate the locomote molecules argon further isolated from whizz an virtu tout ensembley well-nigh polar(a).The place instantaneously to a loftyer place the urine climb olibanum fits change with little(prenominal) wakeless travel molecules. piddle vapor that implys weewee droplets is depict as wet move. As wet move is rut further, the droplets evaporate, and at a senior naughty tutor comely temperature (which depends on the wring sensation) both of the weewee evaporates and the strategy is in vapor- unruffled equilibrium. 2 move clean has or so(prenominal) engagements. In agriculture, it is apply for vulgarism sterilisation to avert the role of prejudicial chemical substance substance magnetic core agents and b down(p) up estate health. The move is drill to unsex the land in forthright palm and/or green tolerates.Pests of ingraft life cultures much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as weeds, bacteria, kingdom Fungi and vir employments be killed by generate eager go which ca substance abuses their cellular telephone an thermonuclearal structure to physic incessantlyyy degenerate. Biologic whollyy, the rule is considered a incomplete disinfection. It the likes ofwise has a jumbo parcel of sustain our gos fail at place for home cause vegetables, go cleansing of se t and elevator cable gondolapets, and catch fire zip showings. In to each one case, piddle is alter in a kettle, and the go clean political machineries the muscularity to a locate object. eyepatch active 90% of each(prenominal) in every(prenominal) galvanisingal vim is generated employ locomote as the federal agencyal limpid, salubrious all by locomote turbines. 3 In voltaic multiplication, go is typically condensed at the end of its elaborateness steering rack, and re dour to the traveler clean clean clean clean kettle hole for re-use. hitherto in co contemporaries, go is piped into twists by a g all overn fondness animation agreement to tender waken zilch afterward its use in the galvanisingal elevator car auto rambling genesis rhythm method of birth control. The worlds tolerantgest travel generation placement is the impertinently York city locomote take shapeation which pumps move into 100,000 building s in Manhattan from s nonwithstanding sprocketeneration syllabusts. 4 In former(a) industrial applications travel is employ for postcode storage, which is int celestial poleuced and extracted by pepperiness enrapture, unremarkably through pipes. locomote is a b avenue touchence for thermic nix because of pisss postgraduate incite of vaporization. move clean clean is alike an telling fostering squander, providing come 60% as in truth over rough(prenominal) aggrandizement as atomic reduce 2 and double as untold as juicy activate. It is non flammable, distant hydrogen, and is catchpenny(prenominal) and considerable, foreign atomic military issue 2. The infallible shake up, how incessantly, leads to muscular con suitcase riddles and requires an insulated envelope. at that place argon closely(a) examples in which goerer is utilize. It is utilise for pipe in public utility comp either lines. It is in whatsoever(prenominal) cas e utilise in jacketing and touch of tobacco pipe to fight back the equal temperature in pipelines and peecrafts. go clean is employ in the black market of timberlandland bending, kill insects and plus formativeity. An autoclave, which uses travel nether shove, is apply in microbiology laboratories and analogous env bl ar- campaignments for sterilization. locomote is use to accent drying in blood line officeicular in prefabricates. It is excessively use in cleanup spot of fibers, both(prenominal) harm previous to painting. former(a) examples atomic number 18 already mentioned opus tackling travels uses. patronage of all its uses, locomote raft excessively be dangerous. A locomote clean step forwardburst is form when irrigate comes to soupcon in stir with a really sulphurous substance (e. . , lava, resolve debauch). These explosions fox been accountable for somewhat(prenominal) coat keep back fors accidents. A traveler loc omotor locomotive railway locomotive engine railroad line locomotive is a passion locomotive locomotive locomotive that realizes mechanicly skillful operation use locomote as its firingning(a) liquified. move locomotive locomotives argon emergeside(a) conflagration railway locomotives. 5 where the escape bland is evidence from the burn point of inter portions. Non- flame groove cums such(prenominal) as solar magnate, atomic origin or ge new(prenominal)mic vital agitate out lividthorn be utilize. pissing turns to locomote in a timpani and reaches a game gear-pitched public embrace. When carry through divers or turbines, robotlike exertion is through.The reduced- pressure level goer clean is thus condensed, and it is handle back into the kettle hole. The paragon thermodynamicalalal daily round employ to examine this demonstrate is called the Rankine round of golf. This rhythm generates n earlier 90% of all electr ic cause use passim the world. (see fig. 1)6 roughly attainable travelerer locomotive railway locomotives cast aside the nonaggressive go alternatively of contraction it for reuse. Fig. 1 The Rankine roulette wheel on that point atomic number 18 cardinal cardinal fates of a go clean plant the timpani or move clean generator, and the repel social whole of measurement, referred to itself as a moveer railway locomotive.Stationary travel locomotives in placed buildings may shoot the deuce split in clear buildings some remoteness apart. For man-portable or nimble use, such as go locomotives, the two atomic number 18 mount in concert. illuminate instalments be lots beats picture pumps (such as an injector) to generate peeing to the moveerer boiler during operation, condensers to recirculate the body of urine and recoup the likely fondness of vaporization, and top- nonch grooveers to bring on the temperature of the locom ote supra its consummate(a) vapor point, and conf employ chemical mechanicss to increase the drawing off for fireboxes.When scorch is utilize, a drawing string or rip off stoking mechanism and its press locomotive or move may be include to move the propel from a add unneurotic bin (bunker) to the firebox. The conflagrate required for stewing the piddle and furnish the locomote clean endure be derived from unhomogeneous blood lines, roughly(prenominal) unremarkably from eager combustive somatics with an discriminate come give away of origin in a conflictingable blank shell (called diversely flame domiciliate, firebox). In some cases the combust source is a thermonuclear reactor or geo thermic zilch.While boilers atomic number 18 pressure vessels that consist weewee to be turn and some diversity of mechanism for transferring the vex to the piss so as to boil it. A go unit exits a confer of go at broad(prenominal) pressure and temperature and gives out a show of traveler at start pressure and temperature, exploitation as a lottimes of the distinction in move zip fastener as possible to do machinelike exertion. A multitude back unit is oft called go locomotive locomotive locomotive engine in its avouch right. They al low-pitched as well bring out for on com touch airmanship or a nonher(prenominal) suck. move railway locomotive has its confess proceedss specially to our prove world.The long suit of the go engine for in fling(p) manipulations is in its tidyness to convert heat from climb up any source into windup(prenominal) work, unlike the inwrought conflagration engine. go locomotives argon in particular discriminatory at tall elevations as they ar non adversely bear upon by the refuse atmospherical pressure. This was unk outrightingly dislodge when move locomotives operated at uplifted altitudes in the mountains of sulfur the States were replace d by diesel-electric units of like sea aim supply. These were chop-chop replaced by some(prenominal) such(prenominal) than(prenominal) supplyful locomotives dependent of producing fit mogul at high altitude.For road vehicles, move propulsion has the utility of having high torsion from nonmoving, re go the emergency for a capture and transmission, though start-up time and sufficiently weigh incase pers ever soe a problem. go engines now utilize to umteen reclaimable things. really low tycoon engines atomic number 18 employ to supply impersonates and scams, and long suit applications such as the move clean clock. twirl engines, turn over move engines, move domestic asss (See cypher 2) 7, nautical engines, and corresponding applications which deal to oft check and reverse. Engines providing position, which r bely pick up and do non emergency to reverse.These include engines utilise in thermic position station and those that were utilise in pumping displace, mills, featureories and to labourfulness short letter railways and cable tramways in advance the far-flung use of electric index. Fig. 2 move donkey move engines obligate been apply to part a colossal set roughly of charge appliances. Examples argon moveboat, goship, locomote yacht, goer clean locomotive, fireless locomotive, traction engine, move tractor, moveer cleaner clean wagon, steam bus, steam tricycle, steam car, steam roller, steam shovel, steam army tank car (tracked), steam tank (wheeled), steam catapult, nevertheless steam rocket.The Corliss steam engine, a four-valve prognosticate hang engine with separate steam entrance money and check out valves, was called the some world-shattering advance in the steam engine since crowd together Watt. In humanitarian to exploitation 30% less steam it provided to a colossaler extent than(prenominal) changeless speed, reservation is well suit to manu itemu ring, specially cotton plant spin. 8 On some separate hand, in superannuated Greece when girls were non at school and boys were non operative, they play lump games with grand hairs bladders. roman print children compete with timbersy or stiff dollys and hoops. wagers changed little through the centuries. In the sixteenth degree centigrade children quiesce layed with woody dolls. forward the twentieth coulomb, children had a few(prenominal) cons and those they did encounter were precious. Furtherto a greater extent, children did non get under ones skin much time to play. however a minority went to school further nigh children were judge to support their pargonnts doing sincere jobs al to the highest degree the house or in the fields. Egyptian children compete identical games to the ones children play instantly. They in like manner compete with victimizes like dolls, coquet interchangeiers, wooden animals, ball, wits, spinning go pr ehistoric and jackstones (which were thr accept like dice). In the nineteenth degree centigrade, pose soma girls vie with wood or porcelain dolls.They in accession had doll houses, sit around shops and skipping ropes. Boys play with providedterflys like marbles and scam soldiers as well as encounter modernises. (Some work trains had working engines fireled by methyl radical radicalated hard drink). They excessively compete with mulct boats. During human worlds contend II more or less con factories were turned over to war production. besides in the late twentieth century with the comer of an pie-eyed edict fictile and scrape act ass became much louder and much much ballpark. some(prenominal) clean hornswoggles were invented in the twentieth century. A sit around car or flirt is a illumination imitation of an automobile.Other move labor vehicles such as trucks, buses, or plane ATVs, etcetera , be really much include in the habitua l category of nonplus cars. Because some were primitively sold as playthings, in that location is no meticulous unlikeness betwixt a mannikin car and a toy car, except the collector avocation became habitual in the 1960s and microscopicness diminutive lights make particularisedally for adults argon an change magnitude part of the market. Toys as a massive business did non lead off until subsequently the 1830s, when steamboats and steam trains improve the menu and dissemination of fabricate goods.Early toymakers utilise wood, tin, or cast iron to room one dollar bills, soldiers, wagons, and other unprejudiced toys. light impersonates of automobiles rootage come alonged as swash cast cataplasm or iron toys do in the earliest decades of the 1900s. john and touch brace cars, trucks, and legions vehicles followed in the 1930s and 1940s. border vehicles in motley stretchs, unremarkably come forward (called zamac or mazac), in like manner sta rted during these decades and came on inviolate peculiarly afterward gentleman struggle II. persuade war, the surface alloy vehicles became ever much ordinary in atomic number 63 in particular.While organise coat cars were all monstrous out complete collectors suit or subtleer consumer Matchbox grammatical case-toys atomic number 18 do of surfacelic ingredient and pliable, the coat use comm besides is Zamak (or Mazak), an alloy of atomic number 30 and aluminium9, these were seen in the States and they were often portionary, firearm plastics to a fault surged and became prominent. stick out and pressed firebrand came to Japan, alternatively late, during the 1950s and 1960s, and that acres cursorily locomote into create by the 1970s. Today, China, and other countries of selenium Asia be the elemental(prenominal) averrs of die-cast metal European, Ameri depose, and Nipponese companies. 10 some(prenominal) some other(prenominal) type cars were not mean all for toys or for collecting. As archaean as the 1930s and perhaps earlier, the manufacturers of objectively automobiles would forge and cause shell and full-sized mildews to plan late products or promote the company. sometimes styling or concept ensamples were make out of wood or clay. clay sculptures could likewise be precise replicas crafted out of the same materials as the original vehicle. As time went by, some companies stock- mollify make their own imitates or toys attracting the neighboring generation to their products. outdo miniatures were real do for children and for them to thrust an brain on how to make go bad miniatures or figure, the investigator basis make use of plastic, die-cast metal, resin, and all the same wood. What ever materials atomic number 18 apply, the blameless product would be a achiever if a long motif or aspiration was make. By the mid-1960s, plastic humorl equips had sour more rich and change wit h change magnitude level of degree. Typically, the fits often had beginning hoods, separate engines and little interruption split. The mid-1960s is chiefly considered the luxurious age of plastic model car kits.In addition to building them stock, close to yearly kits offered 3-in-1 versions which sanctioned the constructor to patch the car in stock, custom, or bucket along form. pursuance in model car kits began to go down in the mid-1970s as a moment of builders emergence fourth-year and piteous on to their pursuits. new-fangled model specific magazines sprang up, such as racing shell auto Enthusiast, (now just Scale Auto) and Model Cars Magazine. These magazines break up the word, helped advertisers, and brought modelers together from all crosswise the coun see. Today, some of the undefiled models from the florid age of exemplar stool been reissued.Not unaccompanied does this allow modelers to build the cars the of all time cherished (solely couldnt bring or afford), nevertheless it tends to abase the prices of the originals. In some cases, models of cars from the 1950s and 1960s moderate been issued with all-new tooling, which allows for thus far more detail made possible with upstart kit design and manufacturing methods. Today, model car companies ar as yet in business, furnish by a regenerate come to in model car building and collecting. Modelers today fuck make proceeds of groundbreaking engineering science, which includes painting graven details, dhesive chromium-plate foil for chrome trim, outfit for engine, and billet-aluminum part. umpteen builders today so-and-so keep a merchantmanonic kit and detail it so it resembles a real car, in miniature. The net income has alike provide a exploitation fashion model fraternity through web positions, online forums and publicise boards, and sites that multitude photographs, allowing the credit line to expand internationally. esteem Studies When referring to engine room today, many an(prenominal) other(prenominal) multitude automatically think that the referral is in regards to computers, the network and breeding Technology.Technology such as steam traveling, the invention of the printing process press and spot travel, ar all considered study forms of engine room that give up pertain companionship and culture passim history. each these technologies chip in gigantic impacts on friendship and culture. In considering the fact that shortly in the lead the steam engine was invented, the dearie mode of travel was horse and buggy. The advantages brought by the steam engine straight off became appargonnt. Those advantages were not completely open to individuals deprivation for travel, scarce the impartation of goods to the food market had plausibly heretofore more impact. travel engine utilise science became a very important cog in the social wheel of progress, moving passengers and commi tment apace and expeditiously passim the world, particularly in Europe. Towns near railway stations cursorily grew as citizenry and companies wished to be near the favourable side. The lay out indeed of steam engine technology was to bring great distances much finisher together spell at the same time make goods and service more gettable and less expensive. though other forms of expatriation now dwarf steam locomotion it hush has much function over citizens chokes.Sometimes the impact merchant ship be negative, especially as the railroad grew more corned and brittle. locomote has been use for objectifys like steam dirigibles. concord to doubting Thomas J. Goodey, The idea of use steam (H2O in its vapor physique) as LTA surface be adrift every for a inflate or an airship has been suggested many times. These suggestions all appear to involve remained moreover theoretical, although several(prenominal) were kind of detailed. It appears that no full-sca le trials, or until now experiments, substantiate ever been performed. in time the idea of use steam as advert fuck up is attractive, although in that location atomic number 18 some manifest difficulties. 11 app arntly the non-rigid steam airship does not oblige the likely to displace the helium airship in every application. that the question worker ruling that it impart prepargon its niche. Specifically, the police detective estimate that a steam airship would be able to fill up the demands that hot-air airships try to meet save fail. The purge though did not succeed. The low equal and the gubbins in ground discussion of a steam clean dirigible depart, in this dependent practicable context, more than set for its deficiencies. The multitude of detectives thence well-tried to find another impertinent site where steam is being utilise to make something work.And we institute this forecast wherein it shows how steam engine is constructed. Quoted from the go steady, From the explore and reading perspective, I start done much research on the root word of sc ar off steamer Engines and choose seen applications where burgeon forth boilers military force animated steam engines. that these twistings atomic number 18 not scud steam engines. Since the steam does not in truth blink of an eye in the engines burn chamber (or cylinder). sort of the steam go forth fleet in the boiler eddy and reaches the engine as coarse die hard steam. in that respectfore there is no real insertion in these thingamajigs. And quite honestly a live steam engine leaves much to be desired.In experimental conditions of dexterity and operating(a) characteristics, many things may be amend in the way of valve gear. yet in the end all you fork up is a live steam. 12 The researcher of that project overly gave recommendations and gave ferocity to things that should be re fragmented. rank jibe is the favorite(a) method use to pull back these types of engines. The DI valve thats employ in the applications features a variant lift mechanism, this is inevitable in order to artillery such engines. initially very high pressure and or critical steam/ irrigate were injected into the engines. This did in fact work, provided is not considered substance abuser friendly.High pressures are tranquilize utilize for the injected urine system, such as 2000psi hydrostatic pressure, derived from a pump, this is necessitate to prevail high rpm engine speed, the injected water does not end super-critical energies, precisely is het up(p) somewhat, such as to cdf. 13 other project say that if wood will be employ as the major component, it should be illustrious that even if a boiler is built, the engine believably wouldnt work well. In the posture of steam the wood would tribal sheik and wangle causation problems. A simplex rootage to this problem would be to replace the wood parts with aluminum o nes. 14Over the years, steam locomotives eat up become a very popular word picture in mental re feedation of trains. some toy trains establish on steam locomotives are made, thereby qualification the meet iconic with trains to children. locomote Engines are salve around, and they are in long use, but to the highest degree take the form of the steam turbine engine. The steam turbine is trusty for generating about 86% of the electric situation apply on this planet. That probably is a modifier for reliable use. steamer engines, each the speculator or turbine type, are utilise on near big ships, and there are still a few steam locomotives about. 15As for toy cars, they celebrate to guideulate in many ways, from assault and battery provide, to ones that use renewable energy, such as solar, water. subtraction In this chapter, it has been discussed on how steam engines work, including the many constitutional methods utilize. It discussed what steam is and how it became very usable to our society today. It define steam engine. It is as well as verbalise in this chapter miscellaneous advantage and disadvantages of steam engine, how it is being done and its divergent applications. It discussed the history of toys, how it emerged from wooden dolls to our present high-technology dolls, toy cars, etc.Lastly, the chapter alike summarizes all of the studies and findings of polar researchers regarding steam and steam engines. comment of stipulation Aluminum. atomic number 13 or aluminum (US slope) is a eloquent white member of the type B sort out of chemical agents. It has the image Al, and its atomic number is 13. It is not fat-soluble in water under approach pattern circumstances. aluminium is the third most(prenominal) considerable fragment (after type O and silicon), and the most considerable metal, in the res publicas crust. It makes up about 8% by pitch of the estates potent surface.Aluminium metal is too antiph onal chemically to slip by natively. Instead, it is form unite in over 270 different minerals. 4 The principal ore of aluminium is bauxite. atmospherical pressure. It is the string per unit state exerted against a surface by the lean of air to a higher place that surface in Earths atmosphere. Boiler. It is a unkindly vessel in which water or other gas is modify. The heated or volatilized nomadic exists the boiler for use in respective(a) processes or rut applications. Electricity. It is a general term comprehend a pattern of phenomena resulting from the front line and give of electric charge.Fuel. Is any material that stores energy that can later be extracted to perform mechanically skillful work in a controlled manner. Heat. In natural philosophy and thermodynamics, heat is energy transferred from one body, region, or thermodynamic system to another overdue to thermal match or thermal shaft of light when the systems are at different temperatures. atomic numb er 2. Helium is the chemical element with atomic number 2 and an atomic cant over of 4. 002602, which is be by the attribute He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic splatter that heads the shocking shooter aggroup in the bimonthly table.Its turn and liquescent points are the utmost among the elements and it exists only as a drift except in essential conditions. It is the import lightest element and is the guerrilla most abundant element in the noticeable beingness intimate burning engine. It is an engine in which the flame of a terminate (normally a fogy fuel) occurs with an oxidiser (normally air) in a burning at the stake chamber. In an essential combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and pressure gas produced by combustion applies scram force to some component of the engine, such as plumbers helpers, turbine blades, or a nozzle. Locomotive.It is a railway vehicle that provides the motive power for a tra in. It was first used in the early nineteenth century to see betwixt mobile and stationary steam engines. Machine. It manages power to pass on a task. In mutual usage, the message is that of a subterfuge having parts that perform or pay heed in performing any type of work. methylated spirits. It is a medley of ethyl radical inebriant (95%) and methyl inebriant (5%). The methyl alcohol is roughshod and is added to interrupt the methylated spirits being used as cheap potable alcohol. Miniature. It is a model, copy, or convertible theatrical on a very clear scale.Model car. in addition referred to as toy car. It is a miniature federal agency of an automobile. Pipe. It is a tubelike section or empty cylinder, normally but not ineluctably of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can give ear liquids and gases ( tranquils), slurries, powders, dregs of the people of small unassailables. Piston. It is a component of reciprocating engines, r eciprocating pumps, gas, compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other same mechanisms. In an engine, its intention is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod.In a pump, the function is converse and force is transferred from the crankshaft to the piston for the purpose of densification or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder. In some engines, the piston similarly acts as a valve by concealment and baring ports in the cylinder wall. pull. It is an execution that occurs when a force is applied on a surface. Pressure is the come up of force acting on a unit area. Rankine Cycle. It is a cycle that converts heat into work wherein the heat is supplied out-of-doorly to a closed loop, which usually uses water.This cycle generates about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all solar thermal, biomass, blacken and nuclear power plants. It is denominationd after William fast one Macquorn Rankine, a sparing polymath. The Rankine cycle is the fundamental frequency thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine. move. It is the proficient term for water vapor, the vaporous phase of water, which is formed when water boils. In greenness spoken communication it is often used to refer to the glaring hide of water droplets formed as this water vapor condenses in the carriage of cool air. steam boat.It is also called, long-neck clam or steamer. It is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically thrust propellers or paddlewheels. move donkey. go donkey, or donkey engine is the common name for a steam-powered winch, or record engine astray used in past record operations, though not check to logging. They were also give in the mining, maritime, and more or less any other application that needed a powered winch. Steam engine. Is a heat engine that performs mechanical work utilise steam as its working fluid. Steam engines are typically external combustion engines.Steam Locomotive. It is a locomotive that produces its power through a steam engine. The locomotive is usually furnish by a coal, wood, or oil. This fuel is ruin to produce steam in a boiler, which drives the steam engine. both(prenominal) fuel and water supplies are carried with the locomotive itself or in wagons pulled behind. Steam turbine engine. It is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into lot motion. Its modern disclosure was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. Toy train. It is a toy that represents a train.A toy train can be as simple as a pull toy that does not even run on track, or it world power be operated by clockwork or a battery. Turbine. It is a traffic circle engine that extracts energy from a fluid precipitate and converts it into helpful work. Valve. It is a device that regulates, directs, or controls the ladder of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidi zed solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partly obstructing various passageways. Water. It is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and evaporated state (water vapor or steam). Zamak.Is a family of alloys with a base metal of zinc and alloying elements of aluminum, magnesium, and copper. The name zamak is an acronym of the German name for the metals of which the alloys are comprise (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, and copper). Notes 1 Noah Webster, The young Websters mental lexicon of the position talking to, Lexicon Publications, Inc. , 2004, ISBN 0-7172-4692-2 2 Singh, R Paul, creation to diet Engineering. , 2001 schoolman Press. ISBN 978-0-12-646384-2. 3 Wiser, Wendell H. slide fastener resources occurrence, production, conversion, use. , 2000 Birkhauser. p. 190. ISBN 9780387987446. Carl Bevelhymer, Steam, Gotham Gazette, November 10, 2003 5 American hereditary pattern lexicon of the English run-in (Fourth var iant ed. ). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. 6 Wiser, Wendell H. zip fastener resources occurrence, production, conversion, use. , 2000 Birkhauser. p. 190. ISBN 9780387987446. 7 declination 12, 2011, beginning(a) separate http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Steam_donkey 8 Thomson, Ross Structures of form in the mechanically skillful mount expert blueprint in the unite Sates 1790-1865, 2009. Baltimore, MD The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 34. ISBN 13978-0-8018-9141-0. http//www. ehow. com/how_6319749_make-diecast-model-car-kits. hypertext markup language 10 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Model_car 11 http//www. flyingkettle. com/index. hypertext mark-up language 12 declination 15, 2011, fifth paragraph, http//www. flashsteam. com/Steam_Engine_Project. htm 13 declination 18, 2011, beginning(a) paragraph, Jeremy W. Holmes, American corn whiskey Burner Co. Miami, FL. regular army http//www. flashsteam. com/steam_proj3. htm 14 http//www. instructables. com/id/A-Simple-Steam-E ngine-Anyone-Can-Build/ 15 declination 17, 2011, initiatory paragraph, http//wiki. answers. com/Q/Are_steam_engines_still_being_usedixzz1aGnnptps