Plastic bags Essay

Plastic can be defined as: any group of synthetic or natural organic materials that may be shaped when soft, which will later harden. Plastic has been around for more than 150 years. In 1839 Charles Goodyear accidently discovered the process of vulcanization, the process of making rubber more durable, which evolved into the creation of plastics later on. In 1846, Swiss chemist Charles Schonbein discovered how to produce the plastic polymer known as celluloid. In 1909, chemist Leo Baekeland created Bakelite, the first true synthetic polymer that could be molded and shaped into a solid object. Due to the scientific discoveries of these men, one of the most used materials in the world to this day was created. In the United States plastic materials are used in both industrial and commercial life. It is a material that is largely integrated into today’s common lifestyle, and can be used in many product areas. The creation of plastic was scientifically ground breaking, however there are consequences to using this moldable material. New York is a city that generates a lot of revenue for the state. With many stores, businesses, and busy people the use of plastic materials is a luxury. Without even realizing it, the people of New York City use plastic materials more than they think they do. Such as, the early morning business man who commutes to Wall Street to go to work. He takes the subway within the city, using a metro card. He then sits on the plastic seats inside the train, then gets a coffee in a plastic cup at a nearby cafà ©. He goes into the office and then sits on his office chair which can be made up of plastic material. Since plastic materials are used frequently in our daily lives, I believe it should be banned as a good first step in reducing the use of plast ic materials. New Yorkers should strive to lessen the use of plastic by replacing plastic bags with other material alternatives, such as biodegradable or reusable bags. Plastic bags are very popular with both retailers and consumers because they are inexpensive, sturdy, lightweight, functional, and hygienic in means of carrying food as well as other goods. Even though they are modern conveniences that make our lives easier, they are responsible for causing pollution, killing wildlife, and using up the precious resources of the earth. Americans use up to a billion plastic bags per year. However, we do not realize the harm that plastic bags emit. For instance, plastic bags are among the items that are non-biodegradable. It can take up to thousands of years for plastic to decay  into small pieces. This is because decomposing bacteria cannot feed on plastic. Companies that produce plastic bags deplete Earth of its natural resources. Most common plastic bags are made from polyethylene. This material is made from crude oil and natural gas. These resources need to be conserved and the production of plastic bags does the opposite, thus lessening the already limited amount of natural resources. Plastic bags are difficult and costly to recycle and most of the time ends up on landfill sites where they take a long period of time to decay. They b reak down into toxic particles that contaminate the soil, they also impact the waterways by clogging up gutters and drains causing water and sewage to overflow and become the breeding grounds of germs and bacteria that cause diseases. It is also easy for plastic bags to enter the food chain when animals accidentally consume them. Plastic bags are amongst the top items of debris most often to be found along coastlines. Animals and sea creatures are hurt and killed by discarded plastic bags because they mistake plastic bags for food. Plastic clogs their intestines and leads to slow starvation. Others can become entangled in plastic bags and drown. These are all-important factors that have a profound effect on our environment and the organisms we share our planet with. We should not put our own selfish needs before the needs of everything around us, and the lives of future generations. Society’s involvement with plastic bags is harmful to humans and the environment. This can be looked at as a chain effect because eventually if one factor of an environment becomes greatly affected then it will affect many other factors, all leading up to catastrophic effects. Such as, if plastic bags are overused in the future, there is a chance of reduction of the fish and wildlife population. This can contribute to the v arious diets that humans have. Also, if plastic bags are continued to be overly manufactured and take up a lot of natural resources, it will take thousands of years for Earth to naturally replenish these natural resources. Thus, society will have a decrease in the use of natural gas. For example in New York, some city buses are run on natural gas. This is why plastic bag banning should be a public concern. If New York can reduce the amount of plastic material it uses, then why not? However, one might say that no one has the right to tell New Yorkers that they cannot use a plastic bag. There is a misconception about plastic bag ban regulations. Some feel that a plastic bag ban imposes on  individual rights. However, they do not take away individual rights. Instead, a plastic bag ban regulation ensures individual rights. Individual rights can be defined as the rights held by individual people. Being able to choose and have choices in certain situations fall under having individual rights. The plastic bag ban regulations ensure individual rights because a bag ban forces the retailer to give a choice. The laws prohibit retailers from giving you a plastic bag. By prohibiting retailers from giving away pla stic bags, society then must figure out another way to get their goods home. As an individual you can go buy all the plastic bags that you want. No law prohibits you from doing this. However, you will pay for those plastic bags. Society has been given plastic bags by the merchant when we purchase their goods. It has become a convenience. However, in reality, we have always paid for those bags. The merchant has to figure the cost of the bags into the stores budget. They add a few cents to the goods to pay for the bags. For example, if the cost of milk is $3.26 the retail merchant will increase the price by a couple of cents to pay for his profit for the plastic bags. The retail merchant has to pay a cost when they buy the plastic bags from the factories that produce them. In fact, one statistic says you pay around $50 per year for those â€Å"free† plastic bags. With a plastic bag ban, everyone has a choice. Without a ban, everyone pays. If you want a bag, then you pay for it. That is what makes it a choice. Dozens of countries and cities around the world, including 47 towns in California alone, have adopted laws for banning plastic bags. The factors that convinced them to ban the plastic bags were that cities must spend a lot of money to clean up the bags and the damages caused by them. This is money that would be better spent elsewhere. Also, plastic bags are a threat to the environment, polluting waterways and other natural areas and killing off animals. Many activists say that banning plastic bags will redirect funds to come up with alternatives to plastic. In San Jose, California, it costs about $1 million a year to repair recycling equipment jammed with plastic bags. San Francisco estimates that to clean up, and recycle landfill plastic bags costs 17 cents a bag, or approximately $8.5 million a year. A ban would save approximately $18 to $30 per person annually. Bans are often considered a government attack on private business. With plastic bags  it is a product that is naturally flawed. The bags are lightweight, aerodynamic, indestructible, and made specifically to be easily discarded. Hence the reason why they can easily be found floating in the streets. The universal plastic bag serves many purposes, but it is not irreplaceable. With a ban on disposable plastic bags, consumer demand will shift toward alternatives, such as biodegradable bags, this will lead to opportunities for entrepreneurs. Companies that manufacture reusable bags will continue to grow and expand their product lines, and will create environmentally friendly jobs. The sale of reusable bags will also generate sales tax income, unlike the disposable bags, which are given away. It is time New York City joins the banning of plastic bags, and uses its money on education, roads and firefighters and not cleaning up the plastic industry’s mess. Many people who feel strong about the banning of plastic bags are able to influence others and show them the harm that the innocent looking plastic bag produces. Special interest groups such as Ban the Bag, established in Portland, Oregon has such a powerful message for getting rid of plastic bags that it was able to make huge strides in the cutting down of plastic usage. These types of organizations give a positive outlook for advancement in the reduction of using plastic products. Not only do these interest groups bring awareness to people, they help influence certain debates persuading why plastic bags should be banned. They also bring success stories. In the United States, attempts by legislators to ban or restrict the use of plastic bags have been derailed several times in recent years by the lobbying efforts of the plastic manufacturers. But recently, as of October 15, 2011, the City of Portland has banned single-use plastic bags at major grocery outlets. A similar ban has gone into effect in cities such as San Francisco and Washington, D.C. In Washington D.C., as of January of 2010 a five-cent fee went into effect, the result was seen in only five months with a 60 percent reduction in plastic bag litter in the Anacostia River. The more people know about the effects of plastic bags through interest groups the faster we can get New York City to ban them, and add New York City to the list of success stories for banning plastic bags. Plastics are one of the world’s most commonly used materials. Everyone has seen, touched, smelled, and used plastics. It is so commonly used that many don’t think about what life would be like without plastics. Since plastic is so heavily produced it makes sense to reduce the production of it. New York has to take the first step for the benefit of people, animals, the environment and the future and ban plastic bags.

Zero Tolerance

In the article Zero Tolerance by Gary Bauslaugh, he asserts the claim that the policy of zero tolerance is a really bad idea and we should not be fooled by it.   I would like to support Mr. Bauslaugh, but the evidence which he presents does not allow me to fully support his point.   He reaches this conclusion based on the following ideas, one – the policy of zero tolerance promotes the abandonment of logic and reason, and two – zero tolerance is not about protecting the public (justice), but making politicians look good.   Based on these two reasons, the conclusion he reaches can be justified.   If a public policy lacks reason and does not protect the public, then it is a bad idea. Mr. Bauslaugh asserts that the policy of zero tolerance is based on the emotional reaction of public officials to threats to public welfare.   He makes this claim in the following sentences: â€Å"The current trend for public officials to talk of â€Å"zero tolerance† has arisen because it seems to express public frustration with the lack of justice in the world. It seems to say â€Å"we are fed up and aren't going to take it anymore.†Ã¢â‚¬    Ã‚  If indeed, the policy of zero tolerance is based on the emotional reaction of public officials, the claim directly supports the premise that logic and reason have been abandoned. He presents the argument that there have been other cases of irrational behavior on the part of the public, to satisfy emotional responses.   Mr. Bauslaugh draws a comparison between the witch hunts of the 16th and 17th centuries to the policy of zero tolerance.   He cries out â€Å"Are we immune, in modern times, to such superstitious extremism and zealous intolerance?†Ã‚   This is not an argument he is making in support of any premise.   Rather, what he is doing in this passage is making an emotional appeal to the audience based on the collective memory of unfair persecutions and the taking of life, not based on logic. The use of words such as extremism and zealous and intolerance impart heavy emotional weight to his statement.   This type of argument must be closely watched.   First, he does support his point that there have been emotional reactions in the past.   Therefore, the conclusion that this type of reaction is human and possible to occur again is true.   However, the emotional charge he has added to his thesis creates rhetoric which is not necessary if the argument is good. The second case of irrational public policy and behavior Mr. Bauslaugh sites is the war on drugs, which has resulted in the imprisonment of many young people.   Mr. Bauslaugh claims that this is an emotional response to a societal problem, not ruled by reason.   However, Mr. Bauslaugh does acknowledge that there is some reason in the policy on drugs, as acknowledges that some of the people in prison are drug addicts. He takes this opportunity to insert his opinion as to the policy of the war on drugs.   He states that these people need rehabilitation care to recover from their addiction, not jail sentences.   However, these statements do not support his implied claim that the war on drugs is another example of an emotional response to a social problem.   Therefore, this example does not give another example of an irrational public policy. Mr. Bauslaugh also uses the case of suggested sexual abuse cases, where women had suddenly â€Å"recovered memory† during counseling sessions.   Based on the communities emotional responses, the accused people were persecuted, some put in prison, and some committing suicide.   He states that the actions taken by the public were not based on substantiated facts. In this case, most of these instances have been discredited.   This gives strength to his claim that the public can act out of emotional response, leaving logic and reason out of the decision-making.  Ã‚   At this point, in the article, Mr. Bauslaugh has presented 2 valid cases that show that the public has made policy in the past based on emotional response to a problem. Now we will move to the real discussion Mr. Bauslaugh would like to make, that of the case of the destruction of a herd of water buffalo at Fairburn Farms.   He uses this example to support both claims – that the policy of zero tolerance is based on emotional response and that the policy is in place only to help politicians look good in front of difficult social problems. He states that this case shows the policy of zero tolerance to be one of unmitigated justice, a device for thoughtless and indiscriminating application of the rules, and direct opposition to justice.   If this is true, he implies that the policy of zero tolerance is based on emotional response and not logic.   However, even when a public policy is shown to be unjust and applied indiscriminately, this does not mean the policy is based on emotional response. Since Mr. Bauslaugh sets out to prove the injustice of the zero tolerance policy, and not the emotional basis of the policy, his implication that the policy is based on emotions is not supported.   The additional cases he has gathered which show a lack of logic and reasoning do not ultimately support his case, because there is no connection from emotionally created policies to that of zero tolerance.   Therefore, the only proof for Mr., Bauslaugh’s case is that the zero tolerance policy is unreasonable and does not promote justice. Mr. Bauslaugh uses one case to depict the policy of zero tolerance.   In the case of Fairburn Farms and the Archers, Mr. Bauslaugh is able to prove that the application of the zero tolerance policy was unreasonable.   He shows the fault of the Inspection Agency’s logic on the following points.   One, the Archers imported water buffalo from Denmark.   There has never been a case of mad cow disease among any water buffalo population.   Two, one cow was found infected in Denmark with mad cow disease. Three, mad cow disease cannot be transmitted via cheese, and that was the intention of use for the water buffalo.  Ã‚   And four, the Australians have been using water buffalo from the same region of Denmark for making cheese, with no adverse effects.   The effects of the decision on the Archers also exceeded the bounds of justice.   The Archers are setback in pursuing their livelihood and have to slaughter all of the original buffalo. Mr. Bauslaugh is able to prove that in the case of Fairburn Farms, the policy of zero tolerance is unreasonable and unjust.   However, by using this one case he does not prove his overall points that the zero tolerance policy is based on emotional reaction and that in general, the zero tolerance policy is a bad policy.   If Mr. Bauslaugh were able to provide additional arguments to support his claim, I may be able to agree with him.   But, based only on the arguments he has presented to me, I do not see just cause to say the zero tolerance policy is bad public policy.      

Northern Lights by Philip Pullman Essay

How is tension created in the extract and how does it make the reader feel for Lyra? In northern light Philip Pullman takes the reader on an exciting journey which has unexpected conclusions that catch their imagination. Suspense is built up throughout as Lyra’s life is in danger. The story outlines the feelings of Lyra as she goes on the thrilling voyage. Philip Pullman has created imagery by using adjective and adverbs to give it life. In the extract tension is created and Lyra’s feelings have been expressed as she worries for Roger. The extract shows the reader a bit about Lyra’s personality. â€Å"En’t you heard of the Gobblers?† This shows that she is not well educated as her English is not correct. â€Å"†They en’t real, Gobblers. Just a story.†Ã¢â‚¬ They are!†Lyra said†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Suddenly she felt very afraid. Pantalaimon as a fierce lion, sprang in her arms and growled† In these lines Philip Pullman expresses Lyra’s character; she is portrayed as someone that wants her own way and does not like it if someone argues against her. She also can be violent seeing that she got very aggressive when she heard the bad news and pantalaimon turned into a lion. â€Å"And then something else had hit her heart: where was Roger!† This sentence is very powerful as the short sentence make the reader feel as if they were Lyra. â€Å"In Mrs Coulter’s flat, everything was pretty. It was full of light†¦. and the walls were covered in delicate gold and white striped wall paper†¦. it seemed to Lyra’s innocent eye, with pretty little china boxes and shepherdesses and harlequins of porcelain.† Phillip Pullman portrays Mrs Coulter as a very nice typical lady. He represents her flat by creating a picture of a clean, open and bright place. Lyra will not suspect a thing as she seems so nice and friendly. Pullman has created a lot of tension as the audience will be worried for Lyra and what Mrs Coulter will do to her. Page 72 and the extract together create an extra special touch to the novel because they create a great deal of suspense. Lyra is being convinced by Mrs Coulter to be her partner on the journey she is going on however Lyra has no realized that she is the one that is kidnapping the children. In the story before Lyra is telling her friends about someone who eats children and at that point the audience will be pulled into the story but they don’t know if Lyra will be caught by her. As the story continues Lyra meets Mrs Coulter who is the kidnapper. Now the tension really builds. â€Å"Mrs Coulter said â€Å"So Lyra I’m to have an assistant, am I† â€Å"Yes† said Lyra simply† Now that Lyra will be assisting Mrs Coulter the audience will start to worry for Lyra. Philip Pullman uses tension very effectively as he has created suspense right from start to the end as Lyra faces many problems. He has even used imagery to portray the mystical world. He has portrayed Lyra’s character very effectively as the reader know now what her personality is like. The reader gets an understanding of how Lyra’s life has been up until now. Overall the story is a nice one because the reader goes through an adventure including sadness and happiness.

Share your perspective on leadership in the workplace and describe how Essay

Share your perspective on leadership in the workplace and describe how it has been shaped by the increasing influence of globalization - Essay Example This paper focuses on identifying few underlying factors that affect leadership methods in the contemporary organizational setup. McShane states, â€Å"Globalization refers to economic, social and cultural connectivity with people in other parts of the world† (p.8). From this perspective, globalization has serious implications for business leaders, especially in multinational organizations. These organizations require diverse workforce as well as diverse leaders that possess awareness of influence of cultural, political and social aspects on business. Globalization has resulted in easier accessibility of technology, information, data and products/services. It has also resulted in stiffer competition among organizations and greater passion of people to achieve more in less time, contrary to the conventional steady growth rate powered by profits and bureaucracy. Leaders in contemporary workplace embody these implications in the form of aggression in their business conduct, growth and aspirations. As a result, evidences of businesses booming and going bust have surfaced in recent past. Secondly, globalization has caused organizational struggle for existence, and sustenance is extremely difficult besides opening up opportunities to expand and develop. These opportunities have in fact caused paradigm shifts of leaders in different parts of the world. For instance, the Chinese managers are becoming increasingly individualistic contrary to their collectivistic culture. The research also reveals lowered commitment of new managers to their traditional values, here Confucianism (Ralston et al, 425). Mindset of future managers is changing rapidly towards embracing global strategies and challenges, which means leaders/managers are adapting to international management styles irrespective of their cultural background (Peng & Shin, 179). Despite leaders’ adjustments to the process of globalization, many businesses continue

Remembered person in yr life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Remembered person in yr life - Essay Example He has the gift of the gab and people can listen to his talk all day long. Indeed he is one of the brightest and smart kids within the whole family. It was not easy growing up with my brother as we never got along and would often end up fighting for petty issues. My parents had to intervene and break up the fights between us. There was always a competition between us and in the end it was I who had to sacrifice and my brother mostly won the laurels. I was different from my brother and was more of an extrovert and liked to mingle with friends and relatives. In short I preferred being myself and that was how I wanted to be known. I always had the intention that I knew it all while my brother always tried to talk to me about how I should behave, but I would simply roll my eyes and would never take his advice though I would know internally that what he said made sense. As time passed and as I moved to the United States to further my studies and my brother moved to India to study dentistr y, I began to realize how much I actually missed him. The realization that we were both getting older and that life is too short to be wasted dawned upon me during this time of separation. He was doing well academically and that inspired me to work hard in my studies and shine well. We also began to talk with each other and realized that we actually vibe well.

Economic Growth and Economic Fluctuations Essay

Economic Growth and Economic Fluctuations - Essay Example The economic theories and models examined would be the Solow Model, the human capital theory and screening model. The effects of governmental policies on the openness of the economy will also be examined here. The data given will serve as guiding force in the determination of the ability of our study country to achieve rapid short-term economic growth and long-term sustenance of a steady rate of growth. When charged with the responsibility of determining the best policy to foster long-term economic growth, it is vital to analyze many economic factors and trends. These factors include the impact of productivity, savings and depreciation on the economy as well as the economy's ability to sustain long-term growth under the given circumstances. In so doing, the Solow Model can serve as a general guidance in determining whether an economy can sustain long-term growth given the present combination of factors. In order to examine this it is vital to offer an operational definition of Solow's model. Solow's model is a model the increase in the capacity of a country's economy to produce goods and services over time. This increase theoretically implies that the well-being of the citizens will improve over time. According to Solow the increase can be determined utilizing a formula whereby the GDP is determined by combinations of inputs. Solow simplifies this very intricate function by presumi ng certain factors are held constant. One of the most fundamental simplifications is the assumption that a single good is produced by the economy in question. In so doing, the GDP is greatly simplified and its implications are clearly depicted. The other assumptions of the Solow model include the assumption that all data is collected on a time continuum, a single good is produced with a constant technology, there is no governmental or international trade, all factors of production are utilized to their full capacity, the growth within the labor force is constant. Utilizing the relationship existent between the savings and the investment and extending the Solow model further, we can assume that the depreciation rate, the amount of capital depreciation and the change in capital over time are held constant. The implications of this are such that in the long-run, we are able to yield a production function whereby Y = AF(K, L). Essentially, it establishes a relationship between capital stock and the economic output. Taking this one step further and assuming that labor input is held constant and there is a positive correlation between changes in capital and output we can see that in time additions to capital stock will yield additions in output. This relationship can be expressed in terms of labor and economic output. In so doing, we can determine the economic output for each individual in the society. The pertinent equation is y=Y/L and can be graphically depicted as follows: The Impact of Savings Rate on Long-term Economic Growth After having examined the production function, we need to examine a prudent question-Is it possible for our country of study to catch up with richer countries and at what rate will it occur In examining that question, we need to realize that according

TLMT312 WEEK 5 FORUM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

TLMT312 WEEK 5 FORUM - Assignment Example They have a definite or regular shape that facilitates their easy storage and handling as opposed to non rigid containers which do not hold their shape. Non rigid containers have an indefinite shape because of lack of supporting structures. ii. Nonrigid containers in most cases will take the shape of its contents. This is opposed to the rigid containers, of which its contents, especially, fluids and gases take the shape of the container. This is vital in the determination of the type of container to be used during packaging by the organization. In the cost reduction strategy, it is required that appropriate container be selected as per the volume of the load. iii. Ordinarily, rigid containers will take more storage space as opposed to non rigid containers which can be folded to occupy less space. Nonrigid containers in the long run save the storage cost accrued from usage of less space. In the supply and procurement department this is important so as to strategies to ensure that the organization still makes profits. iv. Rigid containers have more storage and maintenance costs as opposed to non rigid containers. This is due to labor used for cleaning and storing the rigid containers. Most non rigid containers are non reusable, thus do not attract the costs. (Donald J. Bowersox, 2009) v. In most cases rigid containers are durable and reusable as opposed to non rigid containers. This is vital in the cost benefit analysis 2of the firm to ensure that it is making profits. The usage of rigid containers saves costs that would emanate from frequently container purchases. Oftenly, rigid containers are usually highly priced than the non rigid containers because of their durability and reusability. vi. In rigid container the manufacturers must give instructions and provide documentation for the evaluation, purchase, processing, and effective use of containers as opposed to non rigid where the is no much

Energy Drinks for Human Consumption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Energy Drinks for Human Consumption - Essay Example The soft drinks market persistently promotes and produces caffeinated energy drinks such as red bull and monster drinks. Most of the restaurants contain energy drinks and advertise it in attractively way. Advertisement often is shown in TVs and radio, while some advertise say, they can help one stay up all night, other energy drink companies say that it can help a person pass exams. Some, for example, red bull, gives a person the superhuman power to fly. Even so, as more research into energy drinks continues, the society is more becoming aware of the dangers of energy drinks. Although energy drinks have several benefits, they have some negative effects that pose health risks to users.  Sports professionals use energy drinks to enhance alertness and improve performance, energy and concentration. It improves an athlete’s movement and ability during sports activities. Energy drinks are a food addition in America and therefore meant to boost athletic performance. Caffeine is goo d for mental and physical capacities and there are still benefits of ingredients that are still not known. Energy drinks may cause serious alcohol-related accidents if mixed with alcohol. According to research, use of energy drinks eventually results in the overuse of alcohol. The effect of overuse of alcohol is drunk driving, which is illegal. In addition, one may engage in careless sexual actions because if too much use. A combination of alcohol and energy drinks harm one physically and emotionally. Energy drinks have the ability to keep a person awake longer and overuse alcohol. Chad Reissiga, Eric Strainia and Roland Griffiths affirm the strong relationship of heavy caffeine usage and the use of heavy alcohol.

Family History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family History - Essay Example I contacted our local church first to look for my Baptism details. There it was. The church had records of my Baptism before 18 years along with my parents name and grandparent’s name. Digging deeper, I found out my parents got married in the same Church where I was baptised, five years before my birth. Their marriage registration details gave me the name and address of my grandparents Jacob Schoff and Linda Schoff. My mother was the daughter of Claude Bourgeois and Michele Bourgeois. With the address I collected from the church I visited Pennsylvania where my father’s grand parents lived long ago. Getting in touch with the area Church, I was able to get the records of my grandfathers Baptism as a child, way back in 1922. I could also get details about their marriage and my great grandfather’s family. My father John Schoff was a business consultant who married my mother Ebenezer Bourgeois. My grandfather Jacob Schoff was a lawyer in New York. His father John Scho ff born in 1880 migrated from Pennsylvania to New York as he was a physician. Jacob Schoff, his father had eight children including 5 sons and 3 daughters. He was born and bought up in the Pennsylvanian plantations and lived as a farmer most part of his life. He took part in the American Civil War too. Two of his descendants still live in the plantation. They have a full record of family history starting from the very first ancestor who came to America from Germany way back in 1702. Jacob Schoff’s father Andreas Schoff who lived during the Californian Gold rush is said to be a writer and adventurer. It is said he stuck luck in the gold rush and bought the plantation in Pennsylvania with that money. The family lived in the plantations for three generations until my great grandfather John Schoff moved to New York. Andreas Schoff’s great grandfather migrated from Germany to England in search of a better future in the 17th century. He came to America in 1709 (Schoff Coat o f Arms and Name History, 2000). He moved to various places and finally settled in Virginia. His grand children fought for the Independence of America during the 1776 war. His descendants are called under various names like Schoff, Schaeffer and Schafer. I was quite proud to know that my family has such a long history and had contributed its share in every major event of this nation from the Independence struggle to the Civil war. Early day journals maintained by our great ancestor Andreas Schoff written in German, states how a handful of German’s were treated indifferently by the dominant French and British colonists. I have heard stories from my grandfather on how he was scrutinized for being a German descendant during the Second World War. My grandfather was not able to go higher in profession because of this discrimination. However, we live in better times now. Thanks to the endless efforts of generations of our family members who strived hard to give us an economically sa fe future in this century. My Mother’s History Exploring my mother’s side of family history, I found she is a mixture of Irish and French nationals who settled in the United States centuries back. Peter Bourgeois my mother’s great ancestor settled in Nova Scotia in 1761. Bourgeois were a class held in high esteem next to the Nobles in France (Bourgeois Family Crest and Name History, 2000). They came here to serve in the French army and settled in the US soil. His family slowly

Answer the questions based on ford company Essay

Answer the questions based on ford company - Essay Example a. Among all the functional divisions of Ford, the operations division has been facing a burning issue of meeting the order demands of customers. Due to high customer demands, the company is facing a problem of production incapacity. High demand for car models, like Focus and Fusion, has increased rapidly since 2006. Aside from production incapacity, the company has also been in short supply of production workers that will aid in the manufacture of cars (Nair), which concerns the human and resource division of the company. i. The two functional areas to be discussed further below are operations and human resources. 1. For 2014 the essential goal for operations is to meet the high demand of customers while human resources aim to employ 12,000 people to its production area. 2. To fulfill the operations’ goal of meeting the high demand for cars in the market, it needs to invest more in procuring physical resources like machines and equipment to make the production of cars more fa ster. It needs to add more production lines in its factories and rent more space to shelter all additional equipment and production lines that can no longer fit in the usual factories of the company. More people have to be employed, as well in order to operate all these new machines and work in new production lines to produce more cars in the market. Most importantly, the company has to invest more capital to have all these recommendations to be fully realized. On the other hand, the human resources’ goals of employing more workers need financial resources to materialize its activities in hiring more jobs in the company. To disseminate this job hiring information to qualified individuals, the human resource division has to use physical resources like information technology, in posting jobs online and use other means like newspapers and television. 3. The success of the operational strategy can be measured in a way wherein at the year end of 2014, the company has increased its productivity and revenues. If more cars are sold in the market, it means that more cars are produced in the market to meet its high demand. It can also be determined through the number of output produced periodically. If there is an increase in output produced then it implies that the company has been at level with the demand in the market. On the other hand, the realization of the human resource management strategy can be measured through the increase in the number of employees hired. 2. On Strategy Implementation A way refers to any method or manner of performing anything (â€Å"Way†). Winning is title of the book on management, which Jack Welch, former Chief Executive Officer of General electric (GE) published, and co-written with Suzy Welch in 2005 (â€Å"About the Book†). A good strategy pertains to an effective action plan developed to attain a long-term goal (Rumelt 1). a. Jack Welch, has build the reputation of Six Sigma as an effective business strategy in im proving the operations of a company (Eckes 15). To someone like Welch, Six Sigma means an improvement tool that helps a company gain competitive advantage by continuously looking for ways in improving existing processes. He also believes that Six Sigma can aid the company gain operational efficiency, high productivity, and minimize costs. He notes that this tool is associated with quality improvement, which increases customer

The safety issues in the Ford Motor Company Essay

The safety issues in the Ford Motor Company - Essay Example In addition, the company is likely measuring the costs of replacing the part to the amount of money it might cost to pay off those who are injured or die in car accidents. Casualty costs sometimes are less than fixing a problem.  I understand your concerns and I am going to take a look at the issue with what you have told me and consider some of the ethical issues you are facing.  Ã‚   The first issue that we need to discuss is the idea that a cost/benefit analysis is appropriate where safety is concerned. According to the cost/benefit analysis that has been done on this vehicle and its safety issue with the placement of the engine, it is expected that there will be 180 deaths and 180 injured. These deaths are valued at 200,000.00 and the injuries at 67,000.00. Although that seems low, even twice that would equal less than the expected cost of putting in the part that would have saved all those lives and injuries. The question that arises is how a dollar value can be put on a dea th when that death could have been prevented? A death that happens when that is the result of the faulty design, but was not expected nor the system evaluated for that risk may create a dollar value to a jury when taken into a court of law. How should that be valued? Harley, I hate to say this but I believe it is your responsibility to go to the public before the car is released and let the world know that if they buy this piece of machinery they are vulnerable to this design flaw that can easily take their life.... How should that be valued? Harley, I hate to say this but I believe it is your responsibility to go to the public before the car is released and let the world know that if they buy this piece of machinery they are vulnerable to this design flaw that can easily take their life. This car has been rushed into production at a quick pace in order to compete with Volkswagen. In addition, I have already heard that they are lobbying in Congress to make sure that certain government safety standards are not made into regulations, which would affect their design and force them to make the car safe (Dowie, 1977). This vehicle is not meeting any form of reasonable safety standards, let alone expected regulations from the government and even though they are not yet in place, they should be considered when thinking about releasing this care into the public. The ethics of an engineer are important to think about as you face this dilemma. It is your responsibility to create objects that are safe to t he general public. Having knowledge about a vehicle that is not constructed in a safe manner makes you responsible for that knowledge and for whatever else happens if you fail to act. The first code of ethics for an engineer is that it is the responsibility of the engineer to uphold the safety for the public with which they have been entrusted. This would mean that you have an obligation to make sure this vehicle never emerges into the market. The problem with this decision is that it is going to come into conflict with another ethical mandate that you do not reveal information about the products of your clients and that you â€Å"Act as a faithful agent† of your client (Canadian Engineering Qualifications Board, 2012, p. 3). I think that the public safety is going to come before

William Shakespeare Biography Essay Example for Free

William Shakespeare Biography Essay William Shakespeare is known very well across the world. He’s known for the greatest dramatist and he is the world’s famous author and finest poet in English language. With his wonderful talent he has produced thirty-seven plays. Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in England on April 23 1564. He was the third and eldest child of John and Mary Arden Shakespeare. Later on while his father John was mayor of Stratford, young William attended an excellent grammar school in his town which had very high qualified teachers who were strict on disciplining students. During his grammar school years Shakespeare got his first taste of what real plays were like. After his years at grammar school William did not want to attend a university. At age fourteen he was withdrawn from school. Once Shakespeare was eighteen he married Anne Hathaway who was about ten years older than him. Both William and Anne had three children together but yet following a year after their marriage they had their first baby girl named Susana. Later on they had a set of twins named Hamnet and Judith. Hamnet only lived till he was eleven years old because of the infection with plague that was going around in the city. After Shakespeare’s twins were baptized around 1592, not much was know about him so these years were known as â€Å"The Lost Years†. While this occurred William had left Stratford to go to London so he can pursure his career. In the mid 1590’s Shakespeare became well known by many people in London as a established playwright. Moving to London had Shakespeare become a well-known actor, writer, and director. Soon after he became known as a poet and a playwright that many theatres called upon him to write more plays. His plays were often performed for Queen Elizabeth and her court. William also wrote sonnets. His sonnets were describing the devotion of a character that was often identified as the poet himself. Shakespeare’s plays have been divided into separated categories such as tragedies, comedies, and histories. As soon as the theatres reopened Shakespeare became fully involved in writing plays. By the years of 1594 to 1608 William was London’s  most popular playwright. The first story or play to be performed in the Globe was The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. After he produced this tragedy many more written for example Hamlet, Romeo Juliet, and Macbeth. Shakespeare referred to himself as a poet. He later became a better observer which had helped him write his plays better. He was known as a gentleman that his plays showed a lot of violence and passion. When William became more involved with his daughters it showed a lot in his plays that people were able to tell. Many of his plays and poems were based on the life really is. Some of his themes were love, evil, war, heroes, and romance. Later in 1608 Shakespeare’s productions lessened so he began to do go back to Stratford to spend time with his family. William wrote his will on March 25 and he passed away on April 23, 1616. Shakespeare is still known in today’s world. He’s considered the greatest dramatist that has walked this earth. He’s the world’s famous author.

Nokia vs Apple Case Study

Nokia vs Apple Case Study The Board of Apple iTunes has requested a report that seeks to examine the key macro and micro environmental factors within the music download industry and provide significant information regarding the current threat of Nokia entering the music download market. Also, recent trends should be observed and a strategy has to be developed that will limit Nokias impact and protect Apples market share within Europe. In order to do so, we used significant instruments to analyse the market and we formulated a strategy accordingly. 2.1 Apples Mission Statement: Apple is committed to bringing the best personal computing experience to student, educators, creative professionals and condumers arounf the world through its innovative hardware, software and iternet offerings. Apple continious to lead the industry in innovation with its award-winning computers, OS X operating system and iLife and professional applications. Apple is also spearheading the digital media revolution with its iPod portable music and video players and iTunes online store, and has entered the online phone market this year with its revolutionary iPhone. 2.2 Apples strategy: Apple inc. is a vertically integrated company, manufacturing and supplying all hardware and software as well as its own operating systems. Apple Inc. chose this strategy so they could retain profit and ensure profit is not lost by financing other companys profit margins. The practice behind this theory is to heavily finance research and development and have have the necessary means of production to cover all areas of the business. Marketing and advertising are also a key component in Apple Inc.s strategy to have a better market position. 2.3 Apples market: To exactly define Apples market is nearly impossible as the company takes part in the multimedia download market by offering a wide range of services like music, ringtones, games, Podcasts and movies (most popular is their iTunes service) as well as having recently entered the mobile phone market with its new iPhone. The multimedia download market is described by Mintel as anything that can be copied from the Internet to a PC, other portable devices (mobile phones, PDA), game consoles or multimedia devices (Mintel, 2007). This includes music, video/television programmes, games, wallpapers, icons and ringtones. For our report we will focus on the music part which is of special interest to the Board of Apple iTunes although some consideration about the whole multimedia download market will have to be done, as Apple provides a variety of multimedia services and a reduction of the market to the music download market might be to narrow sometimes. Apple is not yet part of the mobile download market (unlike Nokia that has entered this market with its new Ovi service and the launch of its N-Series devices) as this market is strictly defined by Mintel as products that are downloaded to a mobile phone, including ongoing subscription purchases or single one-off downloads. These products include icons, wallpaper, ringtones, music, news or video clips, jokes and games. These services are for mobile phones only and similar items downloaded to a PC are excluded (Mintel, 2005) . The mobile phones market is being defined by Mintel as handset manufacturers and network service providers (Mintel, 2007). 3. Overview of the multimedia download market: This overview has been generated on the base of a Mintel report about uploading and downloading in the UK in 2007 and the figures provided only show the UK market. Since it can be assumed that the UK market does not differ dramatically from the Europeen market since network providers, third party providers and mobile manufacturers taking part in this market are accessed through the world wide web and therfore are also being used from Europeen customers, the facts given can be transformed to the Europeen market. The multimedia download market and especially the music download market is a fast changing and fast growing emergent market that is characterised by high fragmentation as more and more players such as mobile phone manufacturers, network- and third party providers enter the market. Market Size and Segmentation: The UK value for the download market in 2006 has increased 179% above 2002 to  £343 million and especially the growth of music downloads is acting as a main driver for the market and is overtaking mobile phone downloads that have been the largest segment of the market in the past. Mintel forecasts further expansion of the market between 2007 and 2009. Market Share: The multimedia download market is a highly fragmented market with many players, that is being dominated by Apple iTunes with nearly 80% market share. Third-party providers like Napster, MonsterMob, iTouch and Zed are also an imporant source of the market, although in the case of mobile downloads network providers are significant too. Key Points of the Internal Market Environment: An increasing desire of consumers to benefit from new technology can clearly be recognized and especially in the music download market, consumer interest has increased due to innovative product launches, such as the Apple iPod. Also, theres a trend for technology devices to blend functions that have been associated with only one product, as recent examples like the Apple iPhone or the freshly announced Google Gphone show. Key Points of the External Market Environment: The current lack of legislation regarding copyright issues, encourages people away from legal download services. A trend being recognized by Mintel is that ad-supported content is getting more and more accepted from customers as they are more willing to download from official sources if the content is free. The Future: Mintel predicts that rather being an add-on downloading will become an activity carried out on most devices. As a result mobile Internet surfing will increasingly become mass market! 4. Key factors to success for Apple: The companys wide and always up-to-date range of downloadable files. The companies fresh and exiting presentation of services and devices that delivers the attitude towards the customer that downloading is fun. Design and fashion have proved highly important for the company, as their products are being regarded as hip and stylish. The ease of use for its products and services. The companys innovative technologies. Strong branding that attracts new customers, keeps older ones and creates additional value. Highly effective advertising Many formal and informal cooperations with big multinational firms 5. PESTEL-Analysis: Economical aspects: Consumers currently feel very safe about their financial situation and about their prosper life. As a result to that, they are willing to spent more in fast moving goods and luxury. However, costs evole to be the most important factor for customers when it comes to purchasing a mobile phone and additional services as well as downloads. Socio-cultural aspects: Theres a trend in the mulimedia download market towards targeting younger consumer groups, since these groups show higher interest in downloading and are less restrictive towards new technologies. Despite this trend Apple have to consider that older consumer groups are usually wealthier than younger people and have more money to spent and it is also important for the furture to meditate that the overall population is growing older. Technical aspects: The wide range of fast changing high-tech/high-quality download possibilities, encourages consumers to download but it also puts more pressure on competing firms, as they have to stay up-to-date with the newest technologies. Considerable developments in the mobile phone market (3G handsets becoming reality and expanded features available to the customer) will push the multimedia download market into new spheres and will open up great opportunities for Apple. Still, since Apple is taking part in a highly competitive market with new technologies arising and changing in a very fast rate product-life-cycles are short and companies have to invest strongly in RD in order to stay competitive and to fullfil the market demand. Legal aspects: Issues of copyrights and illegal downloads greatly affect the music download industry and are a major problem for active legal providers. A former lack of legislation in this area has encouraged consumers away from commercial downloading services and as a response to this, new technologies have been introduced that protect the copyright of owners and prevent customers to download and share files illegaly. Digital Rights Managment (DRM) was created to controll the number of copies that can be made from a download and although for the music industry there are many positive aspects to DRM, there are surely as many negative for the consumer. Therefore, some companies have already planned to open big portals on DRM-Free tracks, that will legally enable the consumer to download files without being limited to a certain number of computers, portable digital devices and CD burns for a reaonable price. Moreover DRM-Free tracks can be played on any MP3 capable device! Although Ap ple has already updated its offer with DRM-Free tracks, the choice for customers is still very limited, as Apple could only strike deals with EMI that allow them to offer DRM-Free tracks. Also, Apples DRM-Free tracks are more expensive than those of its competitiors which could become a major problem in the future, if the company doesnt adapt its pricing to the market. 6. Porters 5 Forces: Substitute products: A substitute product is not a direct alternative to the product a company is selling. For example, the new Sony Walkman media player is not a substitute for the iPod Touch, it is a competitor. However, a personal CD player or MP3 player could be if certain aspects of the market were to change, e.g. price and there was a high elasticity of demand. In the case of iTunes, with music there is a wide range of options for buying music and therefore are many substitutes within the music industry, for example tapes, CDs, vinyl and DVDs. All of these are easily accessible and just as convenient as downloading from the internet. The benefit which iTunes has is that you do not have to buy whole albums; you can download songs individually and at a fraction of the cost of a single song on another format. Also you are able to buy movies, TV shows, audio books and Podcasts, all available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Reports by Mintel have shown that sale price and the volume of sales is falling for non digital media, consequently as a result of internet downloading. Album sales are in dramatic decline; largely due to a boost in single downloads. High definition gaming and music channels have also deflected consumers away from buying into the music industry. However, for the future, it is likely that technological innovation will replace popular digital mediums and formats but we asume that this is not a very big threat for Apple, as the company has proved to always be up-to-date with the newest technologie and will do so in the future. The Threat of new Entrants: Already, there are hundreds of media downloading sites available to use on the internet. Some are legal and some are not. It is more difficult to block and put barriers up for illegal entrants into the market because they are not abiding by the law and therefore do not have patents, licences or the rights to distribute media, but still do. With legitimate start up companies, there are capital requirements, possible patents licences to obtain and ultimately the prospect of competing with already well established and reputable companies such as iTunes. Mintel predicts that there will be an influx of new companies willing to invest in the online downloading industry. A big threat for Apple constitutes the entrance of Amazon into the market. The company announced the launch of a new music download portal that offers a wide range of DRM-Free tracks to a reasonable price. Since there are many advantages to DRM-Free tracks, like the fact that users can legaly co py the files without being restricted to a certain number of copies, consumers are expected to highly welcome the new download store. Apple has to be aware of the fact, that it could loose both new and old customers by restricting them to Digital Rights Management tracks that can only be played on Apples iPod and not on any MP3 capable device, as it is the case with Amazon. Another threat of new entrants Apple has to face is, that the download industry is likely to change towards add-driven downloads, which means that customers wont have to pay for their downloads if they agree to watching adds. Google will launch its own mobile phone, the G-Phone. Googles strategy is to give its services for free to customers and than sell adds to pay for them. Apart from that, Nokias launch of the new Ovi Store together with its new N-Series will be the greates threat of new entrance as it will allow customers to directly download files to their mobile which Apples iPhone currently doesnt do. Bargaining Power Of Customers: Due to the vast range of direct alternatives and substitutes, iTunes needs to price competitively as well as maintaining reputation and range availability. Consumers are easily swayed to alternative products, especially the ease and free use of illegal downloading sites and therefore need to be drawn in to using legal downloading sites like iTunes. Consumers have great power due to their ability to buy from any one competitor in the music industry and can therefore potentially dictate prices by constantly buying from the cheapest company, thus forcing competitors to reduce prices. Obviously one customer would not make a difference, but collectively customers are strong. As for the Apple iPhone, it has to be considered that network providers have great power over the company, as they could decide not to sell the iPhone or put pressure on the company that forces them to pay a certain amount of their revenues to the provider. At the moment, Apple has rest ricted itself to one provider, O2, and therefore greatly depends on them selling the iPhone but this will surely change over time. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Similarly to bargaining power of customers, there is the bargaining power of suppliers. iTunes have to submit to the requirements of the consumer market to be competitive, but on the other hand have the ability to bargain with their suppliers due to the size and reputation of the company, thus they are a supplier and a customer. Due to the volume of sales that iTunes have, it would be foolish for companies such as SonyBMG, Universal, Warner and EMI to not compromise on the costs and rights to distribute their music, as their success in the music download market highly depends on the successful distribution of their music, mainly through Apple. This fact clearly limits the bargaining power of suppliers to a certain degree, although Apple has to consider that without their music iTunes could not function as efficiently as the market demands. Therefore a compromise must arise that suits both companies, a possible agreement could be initial fees plus percen tage of sales. Intensity of Rivalry: Although the amount of companies operating in the music download market is pretty high, Apple is the clear market leader. Still the multimedia download market is a market in its growth phase with fast changing technologies and many new companies entering the market. At the moment, it seems very unlikely that a company could seriously threaten Apples market position but the company has to be aware of the fact that there are other big multinational companies trying to enter the market with new technologies and ways of offering their services. 7. The Industry Life Cycle: The multimedia download market is a market in its growth phase that is being stimulated by an increasing desire of customers to benefit from multimedia technology and services. Technical innovations are leading to an increasing number of consumers seeking to interact through the internet and to download their music. The market value of the music download market has shown very strong and is going to rise even more in the future as customers familiarise themselves more and more with the internet and are increasingly aware of innovative technologies. Especially the youth segment pays great interest to the digital download of music and holds out good prospects for long-term growth. At the same time more and more firms are entering the music download market and prices for technology and services are expected to fall. Add-driven content services and the entrance of firms offering download services from online portals directly to the mobile will bring new perspectives into the market and co nstitute a threat and a opportunity at the same time. 8. Four Links Model Lynch: Informal co-operative links: Google: There are many informal ties that form the alliance between Google and iTunes. The reasoning for the alliance has long been speculated and many believe it is to overthrow the dominant leader in the market; Microsoft. With Google developing an Office type package and Apple inc. already having an operating system well established, an alliance could be the key to outsmarting Microsoft and decrease their market share. The main features that form the alliance are as follows: Google currently have a video application that has been made available for users to browse freely but cannot download from. Therefore a link to the iTunes website where consumers can download the video can be made available. The link is perfect because customers can view on Google Video and then download from iTunes if they wish. iTunes can be integrated into the Google toolbar or software pack. Also, Google have a sponsored search for the iTunes website where users are directed to the iTunes website and a sma ll fee is provided to Google from the company for the service. CEO of Google Eric Schmidt is currently sitting on the board of Directors for Apple inc. due to the past possible development of the Google iPhone, but this development never really took off. However, he has said recently that Apple and Google are doing more and more things together and there is a possible tablet style personal computer on the horizon. We have similar goals and similar competitors. Though there is no formal agreement or alliance yet. Starbucks: Currently only available in the USA, when in a Starbucks Coffee Shop, any iPod touch, iPhone or PC with iTunes on can connect to the iTunes website for free. There is a Starbucks option on the webpage that can allow you to see the current song that is playing and also the last 10 tracks played. Songs can be previewed and downloaded and will automatically sync to your PC when next connected. This is convenient for the customer and benefits both Starbucks and Apple. Formal co-operative links: Nike: Bringing sports and music together, Apple and Nike have produced the Nike+iPod which is designed to give the ultimate workout experience. In order to benefit from this, the customer must own a pair of Nike+ trainers (Nike+Air Zoom Moire), an iPod and the Nike+iPod sport kit which is what connects the trainers to the iPod. It is connected via wireless receivers. The idea was realised when Apple CEO Steve Jobs conducted research that showed 50% of the 50 million who bought iPods last year used them during a workout. Both companies define their core markets by lifestyle, (Kraft, 2006). Nikes target audience a sports culture and for Apples target audience it is the creativity culture. Both have come together to create a new profile, thus being the lifestyle and technology that has founded the partnership. The two huge brands have come together to create a fusion brand that will attract massive attention. Coca-Cola: Coca-Cola and iTunes teamed up to promote the release of a coke branded music website that had iTunes services integrated into the website. The website would be available across Europe and allow viewers to see the latest up and coming artists and to download podcasts from iTunes. Were excited to announce this partnership with AppleTogether we are creating a unique and exciting platform that gives young people a voice and allows them to refresh their music experience every day. (Dominique Reiniche, president of Coca-Cola European Union Group, 2006) 70 million free songs would be downloaded from iTunes in the promotion due to special codes printed on coke bottles. The strategic decision was made by Coca-Cola to join with iTunes because of the failure of its own digital downloading website MyCokeMusic, which lost out to iTunes quite badly. The alliance means that Coca-Cola can sell music but it is only iPod compatible due to DRM restrictive measures. Network Operators:Apples strategy was potentially to play the network operators off each other to ensure they got the best deal possible. Apple decided to go for the biggest operators in each of the countrys that they were supplying the phone in: UK O2; France Orange; Germany T-Mobile. O2 secured their deal by offering 40% of any revenues made from the iPhone and possibly more in commission and other areas. The tactics employed have left Apple highly unfavourable with other Network operators. (Wray, 2007) Complementors: It is the complementors who add the value to a company without there actually being agreements or strict negotiations. Companies such as SonyBMG, EMI, Universal and Warner all benefit iTunes because obviously if it wasnt for these companies iTunes would not function as well as it does and would not generate anywhere near the amount of money that it currently does. Ultimately, Steve Jobs listened to the concerns that music companies had regarding illegal downloading, piracy etc. He came up with the idea for iTunes and this was basically an external source for music companies to make money in the digital downloading industry with minimal effort. It wasnt strictly a way of how it would help Apple, but how it would help the music producers and the industry. Therefore the collaboration of iTunes with the big players in the music industry complemented each other. 9. SWOT-Analyses: Strengths: Apple is the clear market leader in the music downloadand steady financial performance. Revenues have grown from $5,742 million in 2002 to $19,315 million in 2006 and the companys net profit has increased from $65 million in 2002 to $1,989 million in 2006 (Datamonitor, 2007). Steady financial growth shows the good financial state of the company and builds the base for future growth and expansion. Also, the company has a very strong branding and enjoys a high level of brand recognition and brand awarness that allows the company to differentiate its offers and stimulate sales. Another strengths of the company is defined by its successful distribution of the iPod and its software iTunes. With every iPod sold, the consumer automaticaly installs iTunes on his pc, as it is only possible to download music from Apples original software to an iPod. Moreover, Apple procucts are being considered as hip, stylish and fashionable which is increasingly becoming important for consumers. F urthermore, Apple devices and software attract customers for their convinience, their ease of use and for always being up-to-date with the newest technology. Apple has also collaborated with large brand companies like Nike, Starbucks, CocaCola and Google,which has had beneficial impacts on both Apple and their partners and has created a new profile, e.g. linking sports and music culture. Weaknesses: First off all there is to say that although the interconnection between the iPod/iPhone and iTunes has been a key factor to Apples success this restriction could become a problem in the future, as more and more customers are looking for devices and online portals that allow them to download MP3s to any MP3 capable device. Moreover, Apple has only a very limited offer of DRM-Free tracks on iTunes, which can be defined as a strong weakness since an increasing number of customers fancy DRM-Free downloads. Another weakness for Apple lies in its pricing, especially for its iPhone. A Mintel research about the mobile phone market in the UK defined pricing and costs to be the most important factor when it comes to purchasing a phone (Mintel, 2007). Also, the iPhone currently doesnt allow the costumer to directly download files to the mobile, which, compared to the new Nokia N-Series, is a enormous weakness, since it could prevent customers to buy the Apple device and go for the N okia handset instead. This could lead to a loss of Apples market share to its competitor Nokia. Also, technically, the iPhone isnt quiet as good as its competitor the Nokia N95, as it runs on a slower mobile data service and comes only with a 2 Megapixel camera. Another weakness for Apple is, that theyve only chosen one operator in each country where the iPhone is available and thus has restricted the consumers choice of network operators. Threats: The comanys biggest threat probably constitutes the entrance of Nokia into the digital download market. By providing the opportunity to directly download files to a handset device, Nokia could gain some of Apples a market share in the digital download market, since customers are increasingly fancying mobile downloads that dont restrict them to a bulky pc or laptop. The mobile download market is one of the most opportunity-rich markets the world has ever seen, as Nokias Chief Executive Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo states (Halper,2007), and if Apple doesnt catch up fast on this opportunity it is running risk to loose its superiour market position to Nokia. Another threat for Apple constitutes the launch of online portals that are specialized in marketing DRM-Free tracks. More and more customers are looking for music that doesnt restrict them to a certain number of copies or to a special device as it is the case with iTunes and the iPod. Although Apple is currently trying to improve it s choice of DRM-Free tracks, it still lacks the greater choice and lower price of companies such as Amazon which could lead to custmers switching over from Apple to those in terms of DRM more convinincing sites. Also the threat of illegal download sites would have an negative impact, due to the availability of free digital content that could sway customers away from Apples iTunes. Opportunities: Although currently especially the youth customer segment is seen as the major target group for downloading, as these customers seem to be less restrictive towards new technologies, providing more substantial and sophisticated products and services for older and wealthier people could proof very profitable for Apple. With the launch of its iPhone Apple has already done an important move into the mobile phone market that might allow the company to challenge its biggest threat Nokia on their home market. As more and more customers are increasingly becoming aware of innovative techologies and of the benefits arising out of Internet downloading Apple should now take advantage of the great opportunities arising from the fast growing mobile phone download market by making its services directly downloadable to its iPhone as its rival Nokia has already done. Also, the upcoming change in the digital download industry towards ad-supported content could be an opportunity for Apple , if the company manages to strike advertising deals with companies that allow Apple to offer services for free to customers who agree to watching ads. This could bring a whole new bunch of customers to the company. Although these customers wont have to pay for the add-supported services, they will probably buy an iPod or an iPhone or another Apple hardware device. 10. 1 About Nokia: Although having its origins in the wood-pulp industry the finnish handset manufacturer Nokia has become a global leader in the manufacturing of mobiles and mobile networks and is now the market leader in the mobile phone market with 36% of the worlds market share. In 2006 the company sold 290 million units and therefore it sells more phones than its three nearest competitors combined. More recently the company has made a move into the mobile download market, which was considered by Nokias president and chief executive Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo to be one of the opportunity- rich markets of all time (Fildes, 2007), by launching its new multimedia online portal Ovi, which consists of the three components Nokia Music Store, N-Gage Service and Nokia Maps and acts as gateway for consumers to Nokia services. The company has done this as an answer to the announcement of Apple that it would launch a new iphone and therefore enter the mobile phone market, which constitutes a serious threat to the f innish handset manufacturer in its home market. Nokia is now going from a purely hardware-driven company to the service sector and is becoming a player in the multimedia solutions market. 10.2 Nokias Mission Statement: Nokia focuses on bringing people together by providing consumers with human technology that fulfills peoples need to communicate and share. Nokia aims to provide technology that is intuitive, beautiful and a joy to use. The companys strategy relies on growing, transforming and building its business to ensure its future success and it sees the internet as its main quest, due to the continously changing communications industry with the internet at the center of this transformation. The companys vision is a world where everyone can be connected. 10.3 Nokias new N-Series compared to Apples iPhone: Nokia has launched its new N-Series which consists of the totally new N81 device and an upgrated version of its flagship N95. The N81 is a music-orienated handset which enabels the consumer to directly download songs from the Nokia Music Store to the mobile. This opportunity makes the handset superior to Apples new Iphone as consumers no longer rely on a PC or iPod but can directly download their files to the mobile. The N81 has a 8GB memory with the capacity to store 6000 music tracks, which is about the same as the new Iphone, and it uses a 3G connectivity. The Apple iPhone uses a slow mobile data service called EDGE and that makes it about four times slower than the N81. The new N81 will cost about EUR 360 and is therefore slightly cheaper than the Apple iPhone which comes about EUR 399. The upgrated version of Nokias flagship N95 is being marketed as a multimedia device and could take on the highly praised iPhone. It comes with 8 GB of storage, a 2.8 inch screen and 3G connectivi ty and will feature a 5 Megapixel camera, which is a lot, compared to the rather dissapointing 2 Megapixel camera of the iPhone. The N95 costs about EUR 419 and is therefor sligthly more expensive than the iPhone. Technically the Nokia N-series appears to be better than the Apple iPhone since it offers a faster connectivity and a better camera but what makes it really superior to the iPhone is the fact, that the consumer can download files from the Nokia Music Store directly to the mobile. Still the highly anticipated iPhone looks more fashionable and its got the greater consumer attention since many costumers are already familiar with the Apple iPod and Apple iTunes and cant wait for the

Supporting Planning for Geriatric Health Conditions

Supporting Planning for Geriatric Health Conditions Introduction- To understand and practice the principles of care is very helpful. We care for the individuals, and support them at work. Supporting and caring includes understanding the rights of an individual and taking risk. It also includes the relationship between taking risk. To understand the relationship with the client, it’s very important to understand the principles involved. FOLLOWING ARE THE PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN THE PERSON CENTERED APPROACH TO DEMENTIA- Individuality- an individual person should never be assumed. And the organization should not except that the person is or have to fit in with anyone or with the organization. People should have their own right to make their own choices, they should be given right to think about themselves. Their likes and dislikes should always be kept in mind. What are the differences between the neighbours, and other people, should be understood. And if they have different ethnicity or religious beliefs, they should be respected. Rights-the clients or residents in the care should always be allowed to enjoy the same rights. It’s not only when they are dependent on the carers but also when they are living their live independently. Every individual we look after or support can refuse the things they don’t want, or in other words they have the right to say no, the right to keep any relationship, the right to refuse their care. But it’s important to maintain the balance between their rights against their responsibilities.it is important to find the balance as it makes easier to find if they are at risk or not? Choices- Every person we are supporting or look after should be given freedom to make choices. They should be given proper information, so that they can make safe choices, and acknowledge the benefits of their decisions. Privacy- privacy is the major principle that should be kept in mind, while looking after a person. Knock the door and get permission before entering the room. Make sure any other person enters the room with invitation only. During personal hygiene Closing the doors and drawing the curtains should be kept in mind. They should be provided with privacy for example, letters, phone calls, communication with visitors and while reading mails etc. Independence- Independence makes people more live, they feel as if they have control on their live. Carers should allow the people to do things themselves, it could be of any type big small, doesn’t matter. Being independent does not mean staying alone or isolating a person. It means that a person is given enough time to do for themselves. They should not be forced to do the things quickly, but on the other hand they should be given sufficient time, to maintain their independence. Dignity-: it refers to the respecting the client and and having self-respect. It includes ever minor thing that plays an important role in day to day life. It could be related to anything eating, sleeping, living day-to-day, and dying. It includes that the care givers should maintain our quality of life, while supporting a client. They should be aware of maintain a person’s dignity, careers should ask their client how they wish to be addressed, carers should take their time to listen them, use of towel while caring them, offering them regular shave. Respect-making someone that you care and support them is very important, supporting them in every single aspect for example whatever is the age, cultural difference, disability, gender, belief or sexual preference, etc. A carer should not ignore the client’s needs while looking after a client. They should listen them, give them importance, ask about their choices, what would they be called as, how they should be cared, etc. Autonomy Working together with other agencies, colleagues and families to support the client. Remember your client’s wishes and needs should come first. Non person centered approach to dementia- Non-Person-centered care is an approach that does not care for the clients ,respects and honors the unique qualities, interests, and needs of each person – it is of one-size fits all approach to care. Person-centered dementia care does not refers to the approach and practices used for people who are living with dementia, but it includes the two perspectives- Institution perspective Bio-medical perspective Institution perspective Every person with dementia have different set of abilities and care needs and it gets worst with change of time. Institution perspective, is care that is provided in the care home. Person can experience joy, comfort in rest homes, they are cared in the rest homes etc. Bio-medical perspective A person that shows some behavioral changes needs proper medical evaluation, especially when symptoms occurs all of a sudden. Bio medical perspective includes, treatment, drugs, the medication etc. Reality –orientation approach To reducing confusion in geriatric patients, Reality Orientation approach is used as treatment in dementia client. Confusion amongst the client includes-(a) under stimulation of the patient, (b) lack of normal behavior (c) desired behavior. It works with the presentation by asking client about various things e.g. time, place and person-related, which tells about the understanding of the person, sense of control. There has been criticism of RO in clinical practice, with some fear that it has been applied in a mechanical fashion and has been insensitive to the needs of the individual.it is thought that reality orientation can cause mood and self-esteem problems. Validation approach Validation method is a way in which there is interaction with people with the dementia in the last stages of Alzheimers. People with Alzheimers have incomprehensible, behavior, sometimes they have abnormal behavior, and there is mood swing amongst the clients. For example, they may start thinking that they are living in a different time or place. Sometimes they may repeat physical gesture. Sometimes they may repeat the things again and again .and many people think that while handling these type of clients care givers should ignore their behavior or correct them. Assistive technologies A hoists the most commonly used aids. They are used by the people who are not able to move at all, and most of the time they are heavy and hard for single person to handle. Secondly walker based device. Thirdly touch-screen, fourthly technologies are used to monitor vital signs and basic metabolic parameters (e.g., temperature) multiple parameters simultaneously (e.g., pulse, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, blood glucose).Alarm systems occurs to alert caregivers of a fall e.g.-sensor matt. Holistic approach- Holistic care simply means addressing all aspects body, mind, and spirit of the person. A holistic approach links mainstream medical treatments with both herbal supplements and attention to emotional health. Before health promotion strategies mainly focused on lifestyle programs. But later health promotion practice mainly focused on Human rights, health and improving health equality, Diversity. Health promotion action provides a set of values, tools (knowledge and skills) and practice. A number of models useful for health promotion action include: Te Whare TapaWha (Durie et al., 1982) Te Pae Mahutonga (Durie, 2004) Te Wheke (Rose Pere, 1984) TU-HANZ – Health Promotion Forum (Martin, 2002) Public health and health promotion- Values and beliefs about health and wellbeing provides health promotion. There is great diversity amongst people as many of them share similar values including love, respect, humility, caring, reciprocity, spirituality, humors, unity and believing in the importance of family. Health care access is a supply side issue indicating the level of service which the health care system offers every individual with access to health care .In newzleand health care system follows the centralized approach where all the individuals are able to access health care, while inequalities in health care is said to be access persist. Equality of access requires that, for different communities (Wondering et al, 2005): Travelling, transport and communication service. The clients are equally informed about the availability and their effectiveness of treatments. All the Charges are equal. Access to health care treatment was utilized. But, utilization of health services may differ from several other reasons for example benefits or availability, alternative therapies etc. Several access to health care are- Availability: Some health care services are not available to some population groups, or some treatment to patients may differ population groups, even where they have identical needs. Quality: The quality of care offered to patients may vary between different groups. Costs: some health care services may be costly, which vary between population groups. Information: The health care organizations may fail to ensure for example that all population groups are equally aware of the services available. The major two believes of the people are: Good health i.e., except spiritual, physical, emotional and mental dimensions. As family is important same way health matters to every individuals. Different health standards beneficial in Newzleand In Newzleand, the main focus is on the well-being and quality of life rather than the behavior management. Memory-impaired individuals are not able to look after them as they are prone to forget things. Dementia mainly focus on physical and mental wellness, during the onset of the disease. However, the care programs are set in which they concentrate on what a patient is able to do rather than on what they cannot do. This is the major difference. This approach is made for a person so that they are able to continue their daily activities that may lead to healthy living, it also helps in maintain the independence of the client. That is the reason why individual assessment of the client is necessary and care plans are set and play an important role. To understand a client, health care team not only see medical records, but also health conditions, as well as history of the client. Family and friends can help in getting the information about a person. Such type of information becomes beneficial for the care givers and the nurses who are looking after them. Comprehensive patient assessments should be the important for care givers and for dementia treatment. For example, Care Givers use a social history form to evaluate the needs and interests of a person with dementia, and then promote clients’ health care. Knowing a person’s family situation, such as marital status and every single detail, can help care givers to have proper interactions with their patients and provide them proper care. Ties to the community can help as well. Keeping a patient involved with their religious groups, local organizations can help an individual to interact with their community. Alzheimer’s disease, develop emotional distant and affects the regular interaction. But having professional caregiver who are able to engage the client in daily activities enjoys interactions with family members. People living with dementia usually suffer and struggle with self-awareness. Different roles and hobbies develop their confidence and ensure feeling of accomplishment and purpose. Care providers familiar with their patient’s hobbies and interest make their individual routine. For example aby as her dementia, she began symptoms of depression. A Care Giver working with aby learned from her family that aby was once interested in gardening, so the caregiver provided her with plastic pots, gloves, soil and seedlings. She even helped aby in doing gardening, and noticed that she involved in everything that was related to gardening. And aby on the other side was able to continue with her favorite hobby, as a result Abby’s mood improved and she was able to sleep all night. And she was able to add more meaningful activities. Dementia can often cause a feeling of being lost. But a meaningful interaction can improve the person with dementia. A professional caregiver knows how to encourage independence. For example if a person is having dementia, care givers should be ready to handle the situation, trying showing and explaining everything related to the procedure. Some people with dementia want to participate in their own care. Brushing teeth, could became a tough task for dementia people, but a professional caregiver prepare a toothbrush with toothpaste and help Serena brush her teeth. This type of environment helps person to get back their sense of security about their place. Family of the dementia client should be helped, they should be given regular awareness about dementia and lectures, of handling these kind of people. They should be given regular counselling sections etc. Bibliography- Durie, M. (2004). An indigenous model of health promotion, World Conference on Health Promotion and Health Education, Massey University, New Zealand. Retrieved (11.19.2010) from http://www.hpforum.org.nz Reid, P., Robson, B. (2006) http://www.hauora.maori.nz Te Aka MÄ ori-English, (online version) from http://www.MÄ ori dictionary.co.nz/ Goddard M, Smith P (2001). Equity of access to health care services: theory and evidence from the UK: pp1149-62. 1

Pricing in a volatile market :: Economics

Pricing in a volatile market Questions : 1)What are the main causes of price volatility in a market? To what extent and how have this general causes applied in the pulp and paper market? First of all the fragmentation of the market causes prices to be volatile. Indeed a unique policy can not be set up and a sort of jungle's law is created. Each producer adapts its own prices as regard its operating costs, investments, volume of production. More over the working rules are different from one country to another and standards of living are world's apart so it can easily explain the gap between two prices. As no single producer has a large production compare to the others, it can not impose its prices to the market and that is why it is obliged to cope with. The volatility of the market is also created by the gap between a so to speak prosperity period during which the producers invest and the second period when capacity created is too much compare to the needs. The offer is bigger than the demand so prices fall. These general causes applied in the pulp and paper market because it corresponds to all that characteristics. Indeed it is a very fragmented industry. For example no single producer has more than 6 per cent share of the overall market and the 10 largest producers represent less than the half of the overall production. As we already said for a market generally speaking, in the pulp and paper market companies during a prosperity time invested in more capacity to take advantage of high prices but as two years are necessary to get a plant up and running, a down period appeared and demand has passed the peak and prices are lower. To cover their invest producer dump all their extra new capacity and it causes the prices to decline steeper. It is a vicious circle. An other element explains the price volatility in the pulp and paper market, it is the entry of lower-cost producers ( South American, Asian) compare to traditionally producers ( Scandinavian, European and North American). More over the Asian economic crisis played a role in price volatility. 2) What effect do you think consolidation in the industry will have on: - (A) the biggest producers The consolidation through takeovers and alliances for the biggest producers allows them to develop bigger global market share and by this way they may have a greater influence over market prices. They can be able to have a real power to decide prices. The joint ventures can also allow the producer to share their necessary investments or

The Watergate Scandal :: President Richard Nixon

Watergate Scandal Watergate was a designation of a major U.S. scandal that began with the burglary and wiretapping of the Democratic party's headquarters, later engulfed President Richard M. Nixon and many of his supporters in a variety of illegal acts and culminated in the first resignation of a U.S. president.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The burglary was committed on June 17, 1972, by five men who were caught in the offices of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate apartment and office complex in Washington D.C. Their arrest eventually uncovered a White House-sponsered plan of espionage against political opponents and a trail of complicity that led to many of the highest officials in the land, including former U.S. Attorney General John Mitchell, White House Counsel John Dean, White House Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman, White House Special Assistant on Domestic Affairs John Ehrlichman, and President Nixon himself. On April 30, 1973, nearly a year after the burglary and arrest and following a grand jury investigation of the burglary, Nixon accepted the resignation of Haldeman and Ehrlichman and announced the dismissal of Dean U.S. Attorney General Richard Kleindienst resigned as well. The new attorney general, Elliot Richardson, appointed a special prosecutor, Harvard Law School profesor Archibald Cox, to conduct a full-scale investigation of the Watergate break-in. In May of 1973, the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Activities opened hearings, with Senator Sam Ervin of North Carolina as chairman. A series of startling revelations followed. Dean testified that Mitchell had ordered the break-in and that a major attempt was under way to hide White House involvement. He claimed that the president had authorized payments to the burglars to keep them quiet. The Nixon administration immediately denied this assertion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The testimony of White House aide Alexander Butterfield unlocked the entire investigation pertaining to White House tapes. On July 16, 1973, Butterfield told the committee, on nationwide television, that Nixon had ordered a taping system installed in the White House to automatically record all conversations; what the president said and when he said it could be verified. Cox immediately subpoened eight revelant tapes to confirm Dean's testimony. Nixon refused to release the tapes, claiming they were vital to the national security. U.S. District Court Judge Johm Sirica ruled that Nixon must give the tapes to Cox, and an appeals court upheld the decision. Yet, Nixon held firm. He refused to turn over the tapes and, on Saturday, October 20, 1973, ordered Richardson to dismiss Cox. Richardson refused and resigned instead, as did Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus. Finally, the solicitor general discharged Cox.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A storm of public protest resulted fron this â€Å"Saturday night massacre.† In response, Nixon appointed another special prosecutor, Leon Jaworski, a Texas

Democracy And Democratic Education Education Essay

IntroductionWhen I worked in the Affiliated High School of National Chengchi University and observed the Forest School and The Seeding Experimental School in Taiwan, I found that in their specific acquisition atmosphere, the pupils can believe and move more creatively and critically. We can ever see their originative merchandises in the campus, such as verse forms, postings, pictures and statues. Furthermore, the schools are full of freedom, regard, trust and grasp, it is common to see their pupils spontaneously singing and dancing in campus. Due to these interesting findings, I started to inquire myself a inquiry: ‘are there any connexions between the democratic ambiance and the student ‘s creativeness? ‘ Further, ‘to what extent can the democratic attack to education support more originative acquisition? ‘ I later searched for the literature about the two constructs ; as a consequence, I found some valuable information about the connexions between demo cratic instruction and creativeness. However, it is rare to see the surveies that are straight look intoing the connexions between the two educational attacks ( democratic instruction and originative instruction ) , the motive to carry on this survey has hence emerged. In order to turn to the issue, this essay is designed to foremost research the nature of democracy, democratic instruction, and so creativeness and originative instruction. After researching those constructs, this survey turns to look into the connexions between democratic instruction and originative instruction, besides replying the inquiry that ‘how can a democratic attack to education support more originative acquisition? ‘ This paper is organised into the undermentioned three subdivisions: the first subdivision discusses democracy and democratic instruction, whereas the 2nd high spots the constructs of creativeness and originative instruction. In the 3rd portion, I chiefly use Rhodes ( 1961 ) Four Ps Model ( Person, Place, Process and Products ) of creativeness to analyse/ compare the two sorts of attacks to instruction, complementing with a treatment of two democratic schools in Taiwan – the Forest School and the Seeding Experimental School.Democracy and Democ ratic Education‘Two innovations of adult male must certainly be viewed as the most hard: the art of authorities and the art of instruction ‘ – Immanuel Kant, Kant on Education ( Ueber Padagogik ) Translated by Annette Churton ( 1992, p.12 ) Democracy can be applied to many contexts, from narrowly political position to loosely personal life. In political degree, Danziger ( 1998 ) stated that democracy is the leader of a state who is elected by all eligible citizens, as echt options to do some political determinations for the populace. Vanhannen ( 1997 ) further argued that as a political signifier, democratic society should hold different groups or parties every bit viing for power, every bit good as to be responsible to the people, through the manner of elections. John Calhoun ( paraphrased by Roper 1989 ) besides mentioned that democracy itself is non a bulk regulation but stand foring the public involvements and at the same time recognizing the minorities. On the other manus, sing democracy as an facet of life, Dewey ( 1916 ) stated that ‘Democracy is more than a signifier of authorities: it is chiefly a manner of associated life, a conjoint communicated experience ‘ . It is just to state that democracy ca n be regarded as a regulating power for a state, and all the people can fall in for doing its corporate involvements. In the same manner, holding the rights to do determinations would perchance impact their lives every bit good. Sing democratic instruction ( hereafter DE ) , it is believed that to set up, keep and develop of a democratic society, citizens ‘ engagement is needed, and taking to make this end citizens should be equipped with the cognition and therefore understand the values of democracy, and instruction has ever been regarded as a good mode. John Dewey, the male parent of progressive instruction, placed DE the premiss of his work in the early 20th century, as he claimed that in order to advance a state that genuinely valued democratic rules, all of its citizens must be empowered to prosecute in a democratic discourse. Greene ( 1995 ) mentioned in the book ‘Releasing the Imagination ‘ , proposing that the impression of instruction is to link with others, enabling people to develop high quality of democratic behaviors and to be communicative in their societies. Nussbaum ( 1997 ) stated that people should be antiphonal to others in order to raise their democratic achievements as citizens. Therefore instruction and schooling, in order to further future citizens the sense of democracy, is taking an of import function ( Dewey 1916 ; Gutmann, 1987 ; 1999 ) . In the tendency of prioritizing DE, many have attempted to do clear definition and happen its embedded aspects. Since DE is full of pluralism and complexness, after a long argument throughout the past decennaries, a by and large agreed definition has non been reached. However, I found that DE inherits most of the characteristics of democracy[ 1 ]and have been mentioned invariably, including a. freedom of pick, b. equal entree, c. shared duty, d. regard and trust, and e. student-centred acquisition. Sing the understandings made by DE related administrations, the 13th International Democratic Education Conference ( IDEC ) in Berlin 2005, clearly stated their understanding on DE that ‘in any educational scene, immature people have the right: 1. to make up one's mind separately how, when, what, where and with whom they learn, and 2. to hold an equal portion in the decision-making as to how their administrations – in peculiar their schools – are run, and which regulations and countenances, if any, are necessary ( www.idec2005.org ) . ‘ On the other manus, the European Democratic Education Community ( EUDEC ) stated that DE is ‘self-determined larning ‘ and ‘a larning community based on equality and common regard ‘ ( www.eudec.org, 2012 ) . As the facet of equality, in other words, equal entree, the instruction for low category of the society did non have public attending and go something for the Commonwealth until the nineteenth century, when Leo Tolstoy founded a school: merely for the peasant kids, where students are allowed to make up one's mind whether to come to school or listen to the instructors ( trans. Leo Wiener, 1967 ) . Sing the concluding facet of student-centred acquisition, Moswela ( 2010 ) pointed out that it is a good manner of democratizing their school and schoolroom acquisition: ‘placing the pupils in the Centre of learning embodies the rule of democracy ‘ . Learning is meaningful when subjects are relevant to the pupils ‘ involvements, the thought that pupils can take what and how to analyze is that merely when they have motive, they can actively build their ain cognition. Some basic democratic experiences are important in back uping pupils to show their ideas and thoughts Democra tic attack enables pupils to find their manner of lives and demands, which should be regarded every bit granted as a intent of instruction. In order to implement these thoughts, the democratic schools have been established in over 30 states. The UK has long been regarded as the innovator of democratic schooling, it is undeniable that the earliest democratic school that we have known, and still be, is Summerhill School.[ 2 ]It was founded in Germany in 1921, and moved to England subsequently on. The laminitis is A. S. Neill, a Scots pedagogue, who has written several books about the subject of democracy and democratic instruction, such as That Dreadful School ( 1937 ) , and Hearts Not Heads in the School ( 1945 ) . In fact, most of his books have later influenced many of the democratic schools founded subsequently on. The school tally as a democratic community, which means that the running of the school is conducted in the school meetings that every individual individual in this school are available to go to every bit good as to vote for the issues they addressed in the meetings. Sudbury Valley School, on the other manus, is another sort of democratic school that founded in the United States in 1968, which has been the theoretical account for a figure of Sudbury schools loosely around the universe. The theoretical account has three basic dogmas: a. educational freedom b. democratic administration, and c. personal duty. Students are allowed freely to set up their acquisition agenda, they believe that larning should be a personal attempt that based on single involvements, but non necessary to be experienced through classs or standard course of study ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sudval.org/index.html ) . In drumhead, there are assorted sorts of definitions of democracy and DE, nevertheless, five subjects have been found to be indispensable to both constructs, including a. freedom of pick, b. equal entree, c. shared duty and d. regard and trust. And, it should be noted that all the elements can lend to a more student-centred acquisition.Creativity and Creative EducationAlbert Einstein one time said that ‘Creativity is intelligence holding merriment ‘ , it is believed that creativeness is something instead absorbing and graphic, something kids ain since the really first twenty-four hours they were born. ‘All kids are creative persons. The job is how to stay an creative person one time he grows up. ‘ , said Pablo Picasso. Although many creative persons, authors and bookmans advocated the importance of creativeness, it is still a instead elusive one to trap down for research workers. Creativity, similar to democracy, is full of pluralism and complexness ; hence, b ecause it is highly hard to do clear definitions, some even argue that it has been unsuitably overused ( Abinun, 2012 ) . Therefore, it is suggested that creativeness should be explained in a clearer mode, and sometimes it varies in different contexts. However, most scholarly works agree that creativeness has two characteristics, viz. originality/novelty and usefulness/valuable ( Boden, 1999 ; Feist, 1999 ; Gruber & A ; Wallace, 1999 ; Lumsden, 1999 ; Lubart, 1999 ; Martindale, 1999 ; Nickerson, 1999 ) . Csikszentmihalyi, in add-on to originality and utility, advanced the construct and asserted that there is another indispensable characteristic of creativeness – execution ( Csikszentmihalyi & A ; Wolfe, 1995 ) . He suggested that it is of import to convey the advanced and utile thoughts into being. Similarly, Edwards stated in her book Pulling on the Right Side of the Brain ( 1979 ; 1989 ; 1999 ; 2012 ) that creativeness is ‘ †¦ the ability to happen new solutions to a job or new manners of look ; therefore it brings into being something new to the person and to the civilization. ‘ Rollo May ( 1975 ) besides had a similar account on creativeness, claiming that creativeness is the procedure of conveying new things or thoughts into world. Creativity can be invetigated by using many attacks. For illustration, Mayer ( 1999 ) asserted that it can be investigated through psychometric, experimental, biographical, biological, computational, and contextual ; whereas Ivcevic ( 2009 ) summarised that the attacks of single traits and beliefs, biological temperaments, interactions with environment, societal groups, situational elements, and inexplicit state of affairs are normally used. However, more bookmans agreed that the major methodological attacks, which have been employed from 1950s, are the undermentioned: a. personality ; b. knowledge ; c. ways to excite creativeness, and d. creativeness and societal systems ( Craft, 2001 ; Ryhammar and Brolin, 1999 ) . Research refering personality in creativeness embracings assorted facets, such as personality appraisal, personal traits, and personal motive. Two major attacks lending to the field are biographical and biological methodological analysiss. While the biographical attack has particular involvement in analyzing personal traits, biological methodological analysiss chiefly focus on the biological features of originative or non-creative individuals. Another attack, knowledge on the other manus, pays more attending to an person ‘s cognitive procedures, such as intelligence, unconsciousness, and mental procedures. Psychological and psychometries are the two major attacks of creativeness probe under the knowledge umbrella. Mayer ( 1999 ) concludes that while psychological research workers efforts to depict cognitive procedure involved in originative and non-creative thought, psychometries attacks try to develop creativeness related measurings or appraisals. The most well-known psychomet ries work is arguably Guilford ‘s attempts in 1950 and 1967 in mensurating to prove divergent thought. This is regarded as the starting point for all psychometric steps of creativeness. The 3rd major attack to creativeness research is to research the ways to excite creativeness. For illustration, knowledge psychologists advocate assorted signifiers of programmes for exciting participants ‘ thought procedures, whereas behaviourism research workers believe that creativeness is something that can be learnt from environment, something which like all other behaviors can be explained in footings of support, and be trained for in the stimulating-responding procedure. In contrast with these earlier developments, research into creativeness in the 1980s and 1990s became rooted in a societal psychological model, which recognises the of import function of societal constructions in furthering single creativeness ( Rhyammar & A ; Brolin, 1999, Jeffrey & A ; Craft, 2000 ) . This has been described as being a 4th, consistent country of survey ( Jeffrey & A ; Craft, 2000 ) : creativeness and societal systems, which is a more consistent model to transport out a co-ordinated set of surveies therefore is needed for switching focal point from one â€Å" specific dimension † such as personal traits to a â€Å" system † . Some research workers such as Csikszentmihalyi ( 1988, 1996, 1998, 2000a ) , Amabile ( 1983, 1996 ) , and Sternberg & A ; Lubart ( 1991, 1995 ) , hence advocate the survey of creativeness in the societal context. To the bookmans above, irrespective of whether creativeness is considered as a personal trait, originative behavior, co gnitive procedure, or something that can be trained, creativeness should be finally linked to societal contexts, and be understood through interaction procedures. Amabile was the first bookman to develop a theoretical account within a societal context. Amabile foremost published the Componential Model of Creativity in 1983, discoursing the societal influences on originative behaviour. The theoretical account can be regarded as the first one to comprehensively take into history cognitive, personality, motive, and societal influences on the originative procedure, and is besides the first to look into how these factors influence the different stairss in originative procedure. In Amabile ‘s ( 1983, 1996 ) theoretical account, creativeness is the originative production that emerges in a five stairss procedure, viz. : ( 1 ) job or undertaking designation ; ( 2 ) readying ; ( 3 ) response coevals ; ( 4 ) response proof ; and ( 5 ) result rating. Further, the procedure interacts with undertaking motive, domain-relevant accomplishments and creativeness relevant accomplishments. Figure 1.3 Amabile ‘s ( 1983 ; 1996 ) Componential Model Beginning: Amabile, T. M. ( 1996 ) . Creativity in context: Update to â€Å" The Social Psychology of Creativity. † ( p. 113 ) . Boulder, CO, US: Westview Press. Another societal context creativeness research worker Csikszentmihalyi investigates the relationship between creativeness and cultural development. Inspired by the procedure of species development, Csikszentmihalyi developed the DIFI[ 3 ]model in 1988. The DIFI model has three subsystems: person ; sphere ; and field, each of the subsystem interacts with others. Csikszentmihalyi revised the DIFI model and named it Systems Model of Creativity in 1999, and harmonizing to the theoretical account, creativeness can be best understood as a â€Å" meeting † of three subsystems[ 4 ]. The sphere includes a set of regulations and practises. Any civilization is composed of 1000s of independent spheres, and most human behavior or activities are affected by regulations of some spheres. An person is the most of import one from a psychological position. An single makes a fresh fluctuation in the content of a sphere and the fluctuation will be evaluated by the 3rd portion of the system, which is the field. The Fieldss are held by assorted gatekeepers, such as experts and bookmans, who have the right to take which fluctuations can be reserved in the spheres. McIntyre ( 2007 ) refers to Csikszentmihalyi ‘s analysis of creativeness as an synergistic system. Merely as air, kindling and a flicker are all vitally necessary to make fire. Csikzentmihalyi ( 1999 ) takes the place that creativeness means â€Å" the ability to add something new to the â€Å" civilization † . The creative activity by an single must be â€Å" sanctioned by some group entitled to do determinations as to what should or should non be included in the sphere † ( Figure1.4 ) . Figure 1.4 Csikszentmihalyi ( 1999 ) System Model of Creativity Beginning: Csikszentmihalyi ( 1999 ) . Deductions of a systems position for the survey of creativeness. In R. J. SternbergiEd. ) , Handbook of Creativity. United kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Sternberg and Lubart besides investigate creativeness in societal contexts, and hence developed the Investment Theory of Creativity in 1991. Unlike research workers like Csikszentmihalyi or Amabile who focus on depicting the subsystems and its interactions, Sternberg and Lubart have investigated the different factors that might act upon creativeness. The factors include intelligence, believing manners, personality, cognition, motive, and environment. Nonetheless, compared with other theoretical accounts suggested by Amabile or Csikszentmihalyi, Sternberg ‘s and Lubart ‘s Investment Theory of Creativity is simply a heuristic theoretical account, and it falls short on many elements. The inside informations of the operation and how different factors interact with each other still need to be clarified. â€Å" Buy low and sell high † is the nucleus construct of the investing theory, and originative people are those willing and able to purchase low and sell high in the k ingdom of thoughts[ 5 ]. Due to the word bound of this essay, I merely articulate the two more related attacks for current survey, including the ways to excite creativeness, aboard with creativeness and societal systems.Ways to Stimulate CreativitySince the 1950s, there has been a strong concern that instruction should prioritize the development of creativeness. Implicit in this is the premise that creativeness can be so influenced. Since so, a scope of efforts to excite creativeness have been developed, although there is, as Ryhammer & A ; Brolin ( 1999 ) point out, a serious deficiency of systematic, controlled ratings of such programmes. It is besides the instance that the methods and standards for measuring these are underpinned by differing theories of creativeness. In add-on, whether looking at efforts by cognitive psychologists, psychodynamicists, humanists or behaviorists, there is no grounds of transportation into new contexts. See the subdivision on patterned advance and development for farther tre atment of transportation issues. There was besides work done in the 1980s which suggested that early household duties and chances for independent action promote originative accomplishment and that creativeness developing programmes in schools are more effectual when teacher engagement is high ( Benjamin, 1984 ) .Creativity and Social SystemsBy contrast with these earlier developments, research into creativeness in the 1980s and 1990s became rooted in a societal psychological model which recognises the of import function of societal constructions in furthering single creativeness ( Rhyammar & A ; Brolin, 1999, Jeffrey & A ; Craft, 2000 ) . This has been described as being a 4th, consistent country of survey ( Jeffrey & A ; Craft, 2000 ) : creativeness and societal systems. Some important theories have been put frontward in which creativeness is seen from a systems position ( Cziksentmihalyi, 1998, Sternberg, 1998, Sternberg & A ; Lubart, 1991a, 1991b, 1995 ) , where assorted elements of the overall societal and cognitive context are seen as extremely relevant to the activity of making. Three major surveies were undertaken – 1 in Europe ( Ekvall, 1991, 1996 ) and two in the USA ( Amabile, 1988, Isaksen, 1995 ) – which explored the organizational climes which serve to excite creativeness. The consequences from these three programmes have converged at several major points, proposing that, in a originative clime, the participants in the administration: feel challenged by their ends, operations and tasksfeel able to take enterprises and to happen relevant informationfeel able to interact with othersfeel that new thoughts are met with support and encouragementfeel able to set frontward new thoughts and viewsexperience much argument within a prestige-free and unfastened environmentfeel uncertainness is tolerated and therefore risk-taking is encouraged.In add-on, Amabile ‘s ( 1983, 1996 ) theoretical account suggests that single creativeness may be affected by even really minor facets of the immediate societal environment ( relevant theoretical account please refer to appendix ) . For illustration, creativeness may be impeded where wagess are determined in progress, where there is undue clip force per unit area, over-supervision, competition or where picks are restricted in footings of attack or working stuffs, or where rating is expected. The function of the context or capable sphere has been progressively emphasised since the early 1990s. In 1970s, arguments on creativeness within doctrine regarded creativeness as traveling off from merchandise results and being connected with imagination ( Elliott, 1971 ) . During the 1980s a new line was developed, born of societal psychological science and systems theory, where environmental conditions were taken into history. Within these four lines of development, ( personality, knowledge, exciting creativeness and societal theories ) there were specific focal points such as the individ ual who creates, the originative procedure, environmental factors, and the result ( a fourfold set of focal point, originally proposed by Mooney in 1963 as indicated above ) . Later on, during the 1990s, due to the development of the attack from societal psychological science, research into creativeness became more comprehensive, incorporating these specific focal point. Research began to concentrate more on the creativeness of ordinary people within facets of instruction. At the same clip the methodological analysis for look intoing creativeness in instruction besides shifted, within a general tendency, from rationalist, large-scale surveies taking to mensurate creativeness, toward ethnographic, qualitative research concentrating on the existent site of operations and pattern, every bit good as philosophical treatments around the nature of creativeness. In instruction in the United Kingdom, for illustration, Beetlestone ( 1999 ) focused on creativeness in the early old ages ‘ schoolroom, Woods ( 1995 ) and Woods & A ; Jeffrey ( 1996 ) explored teacher creativeness, and Craft ( 1996 ) looked at how to nurture the originative instructor. Beetlestone paperss practical schemes for furthering creativeness within the early old ages course of study, utilizing illustrations from a big assortment of early old ages contexts. Woods & A ; Jeffrey work through in-depth instance surveies to document ways in which a little group of instructors operate creatively in the face of a wider context which arguably suppresses the creativeness of the instruction profession. Craft explores in deepness the positions of 18 pedagogues involved in a holistic graduate student class specifically designed to foster their ain creativeness. There are, of class, some convergences in these periods. For illustration, from the applied instruction context, Fryer ( 1996 ) undertook a large-scale study of instructors ‘ attitudes towards creativeness in their day-to-day professional work. Creative Education There is a strong principle for researching creativeness and acquisition and instruction: they are cardinal, interdisciplinary issues. Within instruction, creativeness is normally associated with invention, synthesis and doing connexions in the procedure of acquisition and instruction, ( Reid & A ; Petocz, 2004 ) . Robinson ( 2001 ) positions creativeness and originative drama as a planetary educational precedence, indispensable to effectual acquisition and instruction, the modernisation of our educational systems, employability, and concern success and economic prosperity. Howard Gardner defines creativeness as the ability to ‘knit together information from disparate beginnings into a consistent whole ‘ and believes that ‘the head most at premium in the 21st century will be the head that can synthesise good ‘ ( Gardner, 2006, p.46 ) . The penetrations and deductions in developing creativeness through instruction can be scrutinized into three facets. The first facet is concerned with ‘teaching ‘ , including how to supply originative and advanced patterns which stimulate the development of multiple intelligence ( Armstrong, 2000 ; Chen, 1997 ; Torrance, 1963 ; Torrance & A ; Myers, 1970 ; Woods, 1995 ) , possibility thought ( Craft, 2000, 2005 ) , and higher-level thought ( Cropley, 1992 ; Fryer, 1996 ; Yeh, 2006 ) , or how to affect the chance of researching and work outing jobs ( Cropley, 1992 ; Fryer, 1996, 2003 ; Torrance, 1963 ) . The 2nd facet of the deductions suggests making an ‘environment ‘ , both external and societal, that is exciting and supportive to scholars ‘ motivation/enthusiasm ( Collins & A ; Amabile, 1999 ; Hennesay, 1995, 2007 ; Woods & A ; Jeffrey, 1996 ) and originative behavior ( Craft, 2001a ; Esquivel, 1995 ; Lucas, 2001 ; Torrance, 1995 ) . The 3rd concern of fostering creativeness is about ‘teacher ethos ‘ , which includes keeping an unfastened attitude towards originative thoughts or behaviors, demoing a humanistic student control political orientation ( as opposed to being autocratic ) , being flexible, and valuing independency thought ( Chen, 2008 ; Craft, 2001a, 2005, 2007 ; Cremin, Barnes, & A ; Scoffham, 2009 ; Esquivel, 1995 ; Hennessey, 1995 ; NACCCE, 1999 ) . Many states have hence launched several programmes advancing invention and creativeness, such as the European Union embarked on a undertaking called European Year of Creativity and Innovation 2009[ 6 ]. In the specific country of instruction, Burnard ( 2006 ) mentioned that in the United Kingdom there have been an extended figure of creativeness enterprises in instruction during the past decennary, and important public deliberation and promotion around the creativeness. Significant sum of attempt and support devoted to gestating and developing creativeness in both acquisition and teaching method. Some creativeness instruction programmes can besides be found in other states. It should be noted that many believe the developments of creativeness instruction programmes in the UK ( including England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland ) have to a great extent based on the NACCCE ‘s ( National Advisory Committee on Culture, Creativity, and Education ) study to OFSTED in 1999, viz. â€Å" All our Futures, Creativity, Culture, and Education † . Similarly, in Taiwan, the Chinese Ministry of Education ( MOE ) published the ‘White Paper on Creative Education[ 7 ]‘ in 2002, aimed at steering the populace to endeavor toward a ‘Republic of Creativity ‘ ( MOE, 2002, p. 1 ) . Taiwan accordingly launched creativeness programmes in instruction at primary, secondary, and third degrees. The MOE proposed 10 rules so that creativeness instruction could be implemented more strictly and efficaciously. Harmonizing to the 10 rules, 20 schemes were developed, which can be categorised into four wide dimensions-School, Societal, Industrial, and Cultural. In order to implement these schemes more expeditiously, the MOE proposed that six action programs be initiated to actively advance creativeness instruction in our society. For illustration, the Creative High School Programme and Intelligent Ironman Creativity Contest are executed at secondary instruction degree, whilst the Local Creative Education Programme is performed in primary schools. Reviewing the ‘White Paper on Creative Education ‘ , it is found that Taiwan has complex aims refering schools and instructors. There are six action programs stated in the paper ( p.16~p.19 ) as follows: a. Nurturing trips for originative scholars ; B. Professional development for originative instructors ; c. Comprehensive direction for originative schools ; d. Creative life in action ; e. Online acquisition via a originative intelligence bank ; and f. Ongoing consolidation of creativeness cultivation. Ultimately, the MOE purposes to make a user-friendly environment and clime for the publicity of participants ‘ divergent thought and motive for invention, every bit good as to promote them to bask the making procedure. Alongside with the outlook on po sitive alterations in the attitudes or behaviors of all instructors, students, and originative practicians, the MOE besides wants to see some merchandises come out from its intercession. With respect to the effectivity of the creativeness enterprises, some publications in Taiwan revealed that the publicity of related programmes have brought important benefits to pedagogues, pupils, parents, schools, and even for our educational system and society.Dancing with Democracy and Creativity: How can a democratic attack to education support more originative acquisition?By using Rhodes ( 1961 ) Four Ps Model and the creativeness theories suggested by Csikszentmihalyi ( 1999 ) and Amabile ( 1983, 1996 ) , this subdivision critically analyses the connexions of democratic attacks and originative acquisition. The two instance schools of Taiwan- Forest School and Seeding School will besides used to back up the statement. The Four Ps Model was foremost claimed by Rhode ( 1961 ) that creativeness can be understood by Person, Place/ Press, Process and Product. I found that, based on the theoretical account, there are a broad scope of similarities between the two sorts of instruction. First, sing Person, people are ever the most of import portion in instruction, particularly in democratic and creativeness attacks. It is reported that many personality features are typically associated with creativeness, including brave in strong beliefs ; funny, seeking ; independent in opinion ; independent in believing ; intuitive ; going preoccupied with undertakings ; airy, idealistic ; willing to take hazards ( Torrance, 1965 ; Csikszentmihalyi, 1976 ; Simonton, 1984 ) . Interestingly, most of the features are someway, to some extent, related to the purposes of democratic instruction. For illustration, the intent of democratic instruction is to fit people with the ability to understand their nature involvements, and to hold the ability to separate right from incorrect, so that they can keep the democratic society every bit good as the system. It is about furthering kids with the ability to believe independently and critically. Last, ‘student-centred ‘ instruction is both pursued by the two attacks, which can be described as the displacement in power from the instructor to the scholar, driven by a demand for a alteration in the traditional environment ( Rogers, 1983 ) . Nonetheless, until now there are still many schoolrooms which are seen as teacher-directed ( Young, 1984 ) , and this seems to be harmful to pupils ‘ creativeness. Place/ Press refers to the relationship between you and your environment – those things pressing on you, including physical, psychological, societal and emotional safety and comfort in your environment, which besides help or impede your creativeness. In originative acquisition, it is suggested that a alimentary environment should be constructed for stimulating and back uping scholars ‘ motivation/enthusiasm ( Collins & A ; Amabile, 1999 ; Hennesay, 1995, 2007 ; Woods & A ; Jeffrey, 1996 ) and originative behavior ( Craft, 2001a ; Esquivel, 1995 ; Lucas, 2001 ; Torrance, 1995 ) . Furthermore, in Csikszentmihalyi or Amabile ‘s theories, motive is suggested to be indispensable for creativeness. Similarly, democratic instruction besides advocates the publicity of scholars ‘ motive, particularly the intrinsic 1, as they can follow their ain inner counsel in finding what and how they are traveling to larn. More than the physical scenes, the ethos – a common respected and trusted clime is indispensable to both originative and democratic attacks. Merely as pointed by Inter American Children ‘s Institute ( 2009 ) and Hanson & A ; Howe ( 2011 ) , it is needed for a civics instruction to demand of its pupils to be reciprocally respected, besides grownups and kids are more likely to develop common regard and learn to treat struggles. In originative acquisition, to keep an unfastened attitude towards originative thoughts or behaviors, demoing a humanistic student control political orientation ( as opposed to being autocratic ) , being flexible, and valuing independent thought ( Chen, 2008 ; Craft, 2001a, 2005, 2007 ; Cremin, Barnes, & A ; Scoffham, 2009 ; Esquivel, 1995 ; Hennessey, 1995 ; NACCCE, 1999 ) . The 3rd facet is Process ; it explains the method and pattern that is used to do people more originative. In school scene, procedure largely uses to mention instruction, includes how to supply originative and advanced patterns which stimulates the development of multiple intelligence ( Armstrong, 2000 ; Chen, 1997 ; Torrance, 1963 ; Torrance & A ; Myers, 1970 ; Woods, 1995 ) , and to affect the chance of researching and work outing job ( Cropley, 1992 ; Fryer, 1996, 2003 ; Torrance, 1963 ) . Fryer mentioned that some instruction ways are helpful in fostering creativeness in schoolroom, including ‘encouraging inquiries ‘ , ‘providing firsthand experiences ‘ , ‘giving some pick ‘ , ‘building assurance ‘ , ‘developing creativeness by non making, and ‘valuing students ‘ thoughts and parts ‘ . I found that four major subjects are every bit of import to both originative and democratic instructions, including freedom an d duty, regard and trust. Sing freedom, it is believed that students have the capacity to ‘developing creativeness by non making ‘ . Fryer ( 1996 ) stated that in the interviews with five instructors, the instructors noted that non-interference aids: â€Å" If you ‘re seeking to develop creativeness in immature kids, you set up tonss of things and you hope they will interact with them, you talk about what they ‘re making and demo involvement, but you do n't make everything for them, there ever has to be an gap left for them. † ( ibid, 1996, p.83 ) Duty, in the portion of giving some pick to kids, instructors believe that if students are given pick, their attitude to a piece of work will be more originative. Some of these instructors even see pick as a agency of giving kids a sense of ownership of their work, which they find additions their engagement in it. In some sense, this is about doing students take duty for their work. They have their ain determination of what to make and how to make it, . Refering Respect and Trust, it is widely believed that promoting pupils to inquire inquiries is one of the cardinal points in development of creativeness ( Torrance, 1965 ) . Young ( twelvemonth ) suggested that instructors should be really careful to every treatment from every pupil in the schoolroom, but non being selective to those, which did non back up their thoughts or statements. Which means, regard. It is, in fact, the same thought which democratic instruction is underscoring, to be respectful, and promote pupils to hold inqui ries is a manner to reflect that how grownups are giving infinites to allow kids show themselves. On the other manus, regard should non merely be between grownups and kids, but should besides be among students. It is believed in instructors who are seeking to advance creativeness in category that valuing students ‘ thoughts and parts is besides indispensable. Teachers should value all of their students thoughts and ideas, every bit good as to learn their pupils to be respectful to others in the category. Merchandise, no affair whether touchable or intangible, originative thoughts, results or merchandises are new to the Godhead, has some degree of usefulness, and has been produced and communicated in some manner. The merchandise could be seen as the least related portion between democratic and originative attacks. No affair how the environment is fostering a student ‘s creativeness, or how the attack in democratic instruction is exciting more originative thought, it is still in demand of specific accomplishments in order to make a merchandise that can be valued by others, for case, one has to cognize some basic music theories in order to compose a vocal, or to larn how to pull in oil pigments before really pigment in oils. Therefore, in order to make more originative acquisition, some other elements should be incorporate into democratic instruction, including originative accomplishments and specific sphere knowledgeaˆÂ ¦ etc.The two instances in Taiwan:The Forest School and The Seeding Experimental School‘Here, instructors, pupils and animate beings are equal. No 1 bullies the Canis familiariss here. ‘ ( Teresa Hong, pupil of FS ) . Because ‘Humans are animate beings excessively, so we ‘re all equal. ‘ ( Ellen Wei, another pupil of FS ) The Forest School ( FS ) in Taiwan offers a different manner of instruction concentrating on creativeness, harmoniousness with nature and independent thought ( Teh, 2006 ) . The school have around 60 pupils in entire, and their town hall meeting ( the meeting that is held to put up school ordinances ) is chaired by the pupils themselves. Bing the really first alternate school in Taiwan, FS has long been confronting a figure of troubles and critics from the society and parents who do non truly understand their rules of schooling. As a school based on humanitarianism, they believe it is merely when schools stop bodily penalty will the childs can bask their survey every bit good as their school lives. Located in a mountain country in Taipei, FS believe that pupils should populate with nature and develop independent thought. ‘We hope that kids in this school can finally go person with the ability to pass on and to populate independently, besides to develop their personality in a more positive and kind-hearted manner. ‘ ( Lin, manager of the FS, 2011 ) . They besides pointed out that it is truly of import for pupils to cognize more about their place state, so one of the one-year classs in FS is to go around Taiwan with instructors. For illustration, in some countryside topographic points pupils really involved in agriculture, this provides them the first manus experience and cognition alternatively of reading them in a text edition. It is besides believed that the existent life experience can broaden their skyline and assist them to be more originative. The Seeding Experimental School ( SES ) locates in a vale surrounded by mountains, which is a school founded by a group of parents who are seeking for a better instruction for their kids ( Currently SES has approximately 90 pupils with 9 instructors in school, which makes their teacher-student ratio of 1:10 ) . Whilst visiting SES, one bookman noticed a miss sitting on the grass entirely. He thought she might hold some issues so he went nearer, but when he stepped following to the miss, he heard she said, ‘Come. Let ‘s bask the sunlight. ‘ Then he saw a smiling with felicity on her face. SES believes that freedom, regard, response, support, openness, trust and democracy should be integrated both into course of study and ordinary life in campus. Merely the topics of linguistic communication and mathematics are mandatory, and pupils are free to take to analyze in an advanced degree if they believe they have the ability. At the last twelvemonth in this school, pupils have to make something before graduating, and they are allowed to make up one's mind their subject or topic ; besides, they will hold to complete a challenge, such as encampment and hike in a mountain, or travel on a trip by siting a motorcycle. Apart from this, there is nil that pupils in SES have to make or hold to larn. They write a composing because they were inspired by the creek in forepart of the campus, or they sing because they were touched by flowers on the trees ; and that is the purpose of the SES: to love, to populate, to larn, to make ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.seedling.tw/ ) . FS and SES are both categorised as alternate school, and more exactly, democratic school in Taiwan. Hence, it is sensible for them to incorporate all the indispensable elements of democratic instruction, that I came up with on page XY, into their schooling, among them freedom of pick, regard and trust, shared administration and duty, equal entree and pupil centred acquisition ( can be seen on Table x.x ) . However, the thought of equal entree can non be wholly actualised, it is impossible for all the Chinese kids to analyze at that place, as the tuition fee is about 10,000 USD for an academic twelvemonth, in contrast, the tuition to go to a public school is less than 700 USD. In fact, ideally, the school should supply the high quality instruction for a bigger population of pupils ; nevertheless, their budgets do non let them to do it possible. Bing private self-funded schools, the entire tuition fees the two schools received are less than 2/3 of their outgo on schooling. Rather than trying to procure some support from the authorities, the two schools choose to be to the full self-funded to guarantee their independent place without any governmental influence. Sing the student ‘s originative public presentation, it has been reported repeatedly that their schooling can advance creativeness ( Yuan, 1994 ; Chang, 1999 ; Teh, 2006 ) . By utilizing the Four Ps Model to analyze their schooling, I found that the democratic instruction enables the pupil to come out with originative thoughts and merchandises. With respect to topographic point and procedure, the thoughts of freedom, regard and trust, shared administration and duty are employed throughout their schooling. Refering the facet of individual, it is all about freedom of pick, because the pupils can make up one's mind what and how to larn, they become more self-motivated, which is an indispensable component for making. These three Ps, individual, topographic point and procedure work with democratic instruction absolutely, and therefore build a good foundation for the students to do something both advanced and valuable. However, if we use the creativeness theories of Csikszentmihalyi and Amabile to analyze the two schools, some sphere cognition ( such as the cognition of linguistic communication, mathematics, scientific discipline ) and creativeness relevant accomplishments ( such as divergent thought and convergent thought ) are besides needed. Democracy Creativity Freedom Respect & A ; Trust Equal Access Duty Person Students are allowed to find their acquisition that are triggered by intrinsic motive, which has been proved as an of import factor to better creativeness Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’ Teachers and staffs have faith in kids and believe that they have the ability to do the right determinations. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’i?’ Ideally, every kid should hold the equal entree to analyze at these schools Forest i?â€Å"iˆ Seeding i?â€Å" With more freedom in doing determination, pupils are besides holding more duty towards their plants. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’i?’ Topographic point An environment without restrictions halting them from researching anything new. Students are allowed to believe and move freely and go more originative minds. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’ i?’ Adults and kids are mutual-respected in the topographic point that full of regard and trust every bit good as grasp. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’i?’ An environment that opens to everyone. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’i?’ School governed by grownups and kids together, so that pupils can really find something that is act uponing their school lives. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’ i?’ Procedure Teachers provide stimulation and alimentary ethos that facilitate the student ‘s thought. In order to allow the students think more creatively, critically and independently, instructors choose non to make everything for them. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’i?’ Teachers encourage and value every inquiry that has been asked in category, every bit good as every pupil ‘s plants. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’i?’ Children and instructors have equal power in the determination devising for learning and larning Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’ i?’ The manner of sharing the authorization every bit good as duty with kids is one sort of methods to do pupils experience more involved. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’ i?’ Merchandise Students have the rights to make their ain merchandises such as verse forms, Hagiographas, pictures, statues, vocalizing, and dance. Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’i?’ Creative thoughts and merchandises are extremely valued and appreciated. Furthermore, the schools cherish and have willingness to show the merchandises Foresti?’ i?’iˆ Seedingi?’ i?’ i?’ Not applicable Not applicableDecisionIn this paper I wanted to look into aˆÂ ¦ By reexamining the scholarly plants, I found that, although the significances are somewhat different in the constructs of democracy and democratic instruction, some common characteristics have been clearly stated including freedom, regard and trust, equal entree and shared administration and duty. Some outstanding illustrations of democratic schools are the Summerhill School and Sands School in England, and those later established 1s including the Forest School and the Seeding Experimental School in Taiwan. Creativity is full of pluralism and complexness, although it is ‘notorious hard to specify and step ‘ ( Runco, 2004 ) , late many research workers indicate that the cardinal elements of it are novel/originality and valuable/usefulness ( Boden, 1999 ; Feist, 1999 ; Gruber & A ; Wallace, 1999 ; Lumsden, 1999 ; Lubart, 1999 ; Martindale, 1999 ; Nickerson, 1999 ) . For heightening creativeness, a broad sc ope of subjects have been introduced into instruction, demuring the often cited Four Ps Model ( 1961 ) , still others such as cognitive, psychodynamic, humanitarianism and behaviorism attacks. However, a more dynamic attack emerged late, viz. the perusal of creativeness though societal contexts, sing creativeness as the results appear in a status of dynamic interaction, for illustration, the Systems Model of Creativity, which was suggested by Csikszentmihalyi ( twelvemonth ) , claimed that creativeness appears when the three subsystems including single, sphere and field work together. Analyzing the literature of democratic instruction and originative instruction, non surprisingly, there are many overlapping facets. By the employment of the Four Ps Model ( Place/Press, Process, Person and Product ) to analyze their connexions, I found that the most similarities are in the facets of place/press and procedure, for illustration, they both pursue a more broad clime, preferring the more student-centred acquisition, prioritizing more weights on the pupil ‘s freedom, voice and creative activity, furthermore, they both seek for a mutual-respected environment. Broadly talking, when sing creativeness as ‘Mini-C ‘ – novel and personal meaningful reading of experiences, actions and events ( Beghetto and Kaufman, 2007 ) , or merely simple as what Piaget said ‘To understand is to contrive ‘ , or the celebrated citation from Dewey ‘Learning by making ‘ , so, creativeness can be a procedure or merchandise that happens as a consequen ce of a strictly democratic instruction. Similarly, humanist Maslow one time argued that what pedagogues need is supplying a alimentary environment assisting the students to ‘climb ‘ to the highest degree of its hierarchy of demands – self-actualisation, where creativeness, job resolution, morality and democracy appear. That is, democratic instruction can be regarded as a necessary status every bit good as a sufficient status for creativeness. However, when we see creativity as Big-C ( high creativeness ) or Little-C ( mundane creativeness ) , which means that creativeness demands to be evaluated or valued by others. The democratic instruction may non be regarded as sufficient status but a really supportive factor for creativeness. It can be seen as a basis for originative acquisition, for illustration, no affair Csikszentmihalyi, Amabile or Sternberg all suggest that environment is a important factor lending to the successful creativeness, and the democratic environment can work with creativity instruction absolutely. Nonetheless, for the research workers, creativeness is something more directional and functional. It relies on job designation and bring forthing thoughts to its terminal, that is, creativeness still needs to hold some back uping elements such as cognition, domain-relevant accomplishments and creativity-relevant accomplishments. In other words, democratic instruction can be supportive to more originative acq uisition by building a back uping environment and a more student- centred acquisition, but, in order to do more originative merchandises ( particularly those are extremely valued by others ) , the proviso of cognition and relevant accomplishments are every bit of import. Mention